小升初衔接课第二讲：元音音标-冠词.doc

第二讲：元音音标 & 冠词
学习目标：1.能读默两个长元音音标并能灵活运用
2.掌握重点的词汇短语以及冠词用法
学习重点：1.冠词a/an/the的灵活运用
2.元音音标的区别用法
学习难点：1.相同元音音标的不同组合
2.冠词的灵活运用
新课导入
I.复习上节课知识点
（1） 长元音 /ɑ:/ /ɔ:/
（2） 复习词汇短语知识点
（3） 提问、默写上节课所学知识并举例
II.新音标学习
/ ɜ:/ /i:/
重难点讲解
I.音标的学习
长元音 / ɜ:/ /i:/
/ ɜ:/ 嘴型扁平，上下齿微开，舍身平放，舍中部稍抬起
发音字母:
ir girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird
ur turn burn murder nurse turtle purple Thursday
ear learn early earth heard
er term her
or work worker word world
/i:/ 嘴唇微微张开，舌尖抵下齿，嘴角向两边张开，流露出微笑的表情，与字母E发音相同
发音字母:
ee three tree green sheep meet beef see
ea eat tea meat leave teacher team mean speak
e he she me
ie piece
ei receive
II.词汇短语的学习
▲look
look意为“瞧，看”，是不及物动词，后常接介词at，再接宾语。不同的介词与它搭配构成不同的短语。如：look after照顾 look for 寻找 look like 看起来像
【拓展】look, see与watch的区别
(1)look表示“看”，强调看的动作，而不是强调结果，是不及物动词，若接宾语，须与at连用。look可以独立成句，用来引起别人的注意。如：
Look ! They are playing soccer over there. Look at the map on the table, please.
(2) see为及物动词，表示无意识的看，强调看的结果，意为“看到，看见”，如：
I can see you a plane in the air.我看到空中有一架飞机。
Can you see the picture on the wall ? 你看到墙上的画了吗？
(3) watch则指“仔细看”，是及物动词，常用于看电视、比赛、表演等。
Let’s watch TV this evening.今晚我们看电影吧。
I don’t like watching baseball match.我不喜欢看棒球比赛。
(4) read意为“读，阅读，朗读”，常用于看书、看报、看杂志。
Alice is reading a book.艾丽斯正在看书。
▲everyone
everyone意为“每人，大家”，是不定代词，其同义词为everybody, 在句中作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Everyone knows Millie.每个人都认识米莉。 Everyone is here.每个人都在。
【拓展】(1)everyone 只能指人；every one 可指人，也可指物，其后可接 of 短语。如：
Every one of the students is from China.那些学生中每一个都来自中国。
(2) 与everyone相似构成的不定式词还有：someone(某人)，anyone(任何人)。someone主要用于肯定句；anyone用于否定句或疑问句，表示“有人”，而用于肯定句时，表示“任何人”。如：
Someone is in the classroom.有人在教室里。 There isn’t anyone in the room.房间里没有人。
▲live with my family
(1) with sb.意为“与某人一起”。with是介词。如：
I want to go to the park with you.我想和你一起去公园。 Let me live with you.让我与你一起住。
(2) family意为“家庭，家人”。作“家庭”讲时，是可数名词，复数形式是families；作“家人”讲时，本身就是复数概念。如：
My family is a big one.我的家是一个大家庭。 My family are all at home today.今天我全家人都在家。
▲wear glasses
(1) wear意为“穿、戴”，常指穿或戴的状态它也有“面露，留”的意思。如：
She wears a smile all day.她整天都面带微笑。 He is wearing a white coat.他穿着一件白色的外套。
【拓展】wear与put on的区别：两者都有“穿”之意，但wear指“穿”的状态；而put on 指“穿”的动作。如：
Put on your coat. It’s cold outside. 穿上你的外套。外面很冷。
She likes wearing the red dress. 她喜欢穿红色连衣裙。
(2) glass作“玻璃”讲时。是不可数名词。表示一种材料；而作“玻璃杯”讲时，是可数名词，复数形式是glasses。其复数形式也可指“眼镜”。如：
The door is made of glass.那门是由玻璃做的。 She wears a pair of glasses.她戴着一副眼镜。
【短语归纳】after school be/come from all the lessons
look at.... go home very late at school
III.语法的学习：冠词
一． 概念：
冠词是一个虚词，它置于名词之前，限定名词的意义。冠词分为定冠词，不定冠词和零冠词三类。
二.相关知识点精讲
不定冠词：
1. a用于辅音发音开头的词前, 如：a book;
an用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an apple, an hour.
区别：a useful machine, an umbrella, a “u”, an “h”。
（1） a/an 用于单数可数名词前。
a book a boy a man a bird a dog an hour
an interesting book a big dog a dangerous aminal
EX：判断正误：a story ( ) a bread ( ) a paper ( ) a bag( )
a pretty woman( ) a school ( ) a useful book ( )
2. 表示类别：这种用法是指某人或某物属于某一种类，或者指某一种类的人或物中的任何一个或一件，或者指某一种类的人或物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。 例如：
That is a pen, not a pencil. 那是钢笔而不是铅笔。（指属于某一种类）
   Give him a pear, please! 请给他一个梨。（指某一种类中的任何一个）
   Listen! A boy is singing in the classroom. 
3. 和 one 的区别： a/an 表示类别 种类 one 强调数量
a bus （表示是一辆公交车 而不是一辆小汽车 也不是火车）
one bus (强调是一辆车 而不是两辆或三辆)
There is a cat under the chair. 椅子下面有一只猫。（强调种类）
There is one cat under the chair.椅子下边有一只猫。（强调数量）
4. 表示基本单位，作“每一”讲。例如：
three times a day 10 yuan a kilo six class a day thirty miles an hour
定冠词：
1. the 表示特指。表示名词所指的人或事物是同类中的特定的一个，以别于同类中其他的人或事物，相当于汉语中的“那个”或“这个”的意思。
the book in my bag the boy under the tree
the apples in the basket the hospital near my home
2.可以和单、复数名词，也可以和不可数的名词连用。
the books the book the rice the old man the interesting book the teachers the women
3.用法
(1)定冠词的最基本的用法是“特指”：表示某个或某些特定的人或物。 
Do you know the girl in a red skirt? 你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗？ 
Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。
(2) 再次提到上文提到过的人或物，应该用定冠词the。例如：
Tom has an apple. The apple is big and red.
There is a boy under the tree.The boy is my brother.
(3) 指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如： Let’s go and give it to the teacher.咱们去把它交给老师吧。
(4)用于某些固定词组中。 例如:in the morning / afternoon / evening 等。
(5)用在形容词前表示一类人。 the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich富裕的人
the poor_________ the deaf __________ the blind____________
(6) 用在表示“姓”的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇二人。  例如：
The Whites are spending their holiday in England. 
(7)用在由普通名词构成的表示场所的专有名词前。
the Great Wall 长城 the Summer Place颐和园 the United States 美国 the Long March 长征
the October Revolution 十月革命 the Chinese People’s Liberation Army 中国人民解放军
(8)用在序数词或形容词最高级前
The first thing I want to say is to listen carefully in class. He is the tallest one in our class.
(9)世界上独一无二的事物等（月亮、地球、天空、宇宙）
the globe太阳系 the universe 宇宙 the atmosphere大气层
The sun rises in the east. The earth goes round the sun.
(10)在世纪，年代名词前用冠词。
in the 1980s 或 in the 1980’s 20世纪80年代 in the nineteenth century 二十世纪
(11)在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河前用the。
the Changjang River 长江 the West Lake 西湖 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋
(12)不能用定冠词the的几个方面：
1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August
区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)
2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast ,play football
3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school, by bus ,at night.
(13)在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：
in front of 在…前面 in the front of 在…范围内的前部
in hospital (生病)住院 in the hospital 在医院里
零冠词：
1.所谓零冠词，即指不使用冠词的情况：
2.用法：1)在物质名词，抽象名词前不用冠词。
The desk is made of wood. What is work? Work is struggle.
2)国名、人名前通常不用定冠词：England China Mary Lilei Mr.Green
3)在星期、月份、季节等名词前：Sunday March summer winter
4)名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格修饰时(this，my，that， those，these，her)
如：this morning my pen your watch whose bike 等
5) 在球类运动、一日三餐、学科和语言的名词前如：have breakfast play chess play basketball
(注意 在乐器前必须加定冠词 如弹钢琴play the piano play the violin)
6)当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词
by bus by train by car by air by bike by plane
（注意 如果用介词on 表示乘坐交通工具 必须用a 或an 来表示 如 in a bus on a bike 等）
7) 有些个体名词不用冠词；如： school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义；
go to hospital去医院看病 　 go to the hospital去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
课内练习
【小试牛刀】
一．选出读音不同的一项
1. A. we B. he C. red D. these
2. A. tall B. horse C. work D. walk
3. A. arm B. farm C. star D. sport
4. A.tea B.clean C.speak D.great
5. A.short B.work C.forty D.horse
6. A.sports B.word C.horse D.forty
7. A.party B.bookmark C.scarf D.quarter
8. A.four B.your C.course D.colour
二．单项选择
( )1.We have to _______ ourselves when we are away from home.
A.look at B.look foe C.look up D.look after
( )2.Mr Li thinks Ningxia as his second_______because he has been here for over twenty years.
A.family B.house C.room D.home
( )3.Most of British high school children_______uniforms at school.
A.wear B.dress C.put on D.dress up
( )4._______may have a chance to be successful if he tries his best.
A.Somenone B.Everyone C.Nobody D.None
( )5.I like _______classmates in my class. A.all my B.my all C.the all D.all of
( )6.---_______is your age? ---I’m 12 years old.
A.How old B.What C.What’s D.How
( )7.---Hi, Kitty. _______my cousin Andy. ---Glad to meet you !
A.That is B.This is C.These are D.Those are
( )8This book is expensive(昂贵的)_______intersting.
A.so B.and C.but D.or
( )9.---Glad to meet you ! ---______. A.You’re welcome B.Thank you C.I’m fine D.Me too
( )10.Dniel _______ from Nanjing. A.are B.comes C.come D.be
【大显身手】
一． 用适当的介词填空
1. I was Nanjing.My home is Beijing now.
2. I live my family Nanjing.
3. I have lots friends.
4. I listen music every day.
5. She wants to talk me lunchtime.
6. Sometimes I play basketball my classmates school.
二． 单项选择
( ) 1. Han Meimei is _______ Chinese girl. Lucy is_______ English girl.
A. a; a B. an; an C. a; an D. an; a
( ) 2.A little boy wrote_______ "U" and_______ "n" on the wall.
A. a; an B. an; a C. an; an D. a; a
( ) 3. _______ old lady in brown is_______ university professor.
A. An; a B. An; / C. The; an D. The; a
( ) 4. There are sixty minutes in_____ hour. A. an B. the C. a D. /
) 5. This is _______ interesting book and it is also_______ useful one.
A. an; an B. an; the C. an; a D. a; a
( ) 6. Mrs Smith is _______ friend of_______.
A. the; mine B. a; me C. the; my D. a; mine
( ) 7.He is___ boy.
A. a seven-years-old B. an eight-year-old C. the seven-year-old D. an eight-year-older
( ) 8.Now he is _______ artist. 1 have known him since he was _______ one-year-old boy.
A. a; an B. a; a C. an; an D. an; a
( ) 9.Which bigger ___ elephant or_______ horse?
A. a; the B. an; a C. the; an D. an; the
( ) 10._____ monkey can climb_____ trees. A. /; the B. A; / C. The; a D. /; /
( ) 11._______ rains are faster than_______ buses.
A. /; / B. The; / C. /; the D. The; a
( ) 12. ---Have you learned German? ---Yes. It's _______ language I've ever learned.
A. a quite difficult B: quite a difficult C. difficult quite D. difficult a quite
( ) 13. Some animals, like_______ cat, _______ dog or _______ wolf do not need to hibernate (冬眠).
A. /; /; the B. the; the; the C. a; /; the D. the; /; /
三．句型转换
1. She has long hair.(改为同义句) _______ hair _______ long.
2. Daniel is from Nanjing.(改为同义句) Daniel_______ _______Nanjing.
3. I’m in Class 2.(改为一般疑问，并作肯定回答)
---_______ _______in Class 2 ? --- Yes, _______ _______.
4. They’re in the classroom now.(改为否定句) They _______ _______the classroom now.
5. They play football after school.(改为否定句) They _______ _______football after school.
课外练习
一．用所给词的适当形式填空
1. Simon_ (play)football after school every day. 2. He_________(live)in Nanjing now.
3. Andy likes __________ (watch) TV. He __________(watch)TV every evening.
4. you (do)your homework at home?
5. There (be)three people in my family. 6. Simon (be not)good at football.
7. He wants___________(play)in the next World Cup. 8. I love___________(play)tennis.
9 .Let’s (go)home together.
10. This man is (not tall ) , but he is very handsome.
12.Tom wants ___________ (watch) the football match this afternoon .
13.__________( not be ) late for school next time.
14.I can’t see the words . Maybe I need to wear ___________(glass) .
15.My mother __________(be) at home.
二．完形填空
Tea is a kind of __1__. People often talk __2__ it. There __3__ different kinds of tea. It usually grows__4__ hills. Tea is popular in China. It’s also popular in many __5__ countries. In Southern China, people __6___ green tea. But in the North and East of China, people prefer(=like better) jasmine(茉莉) tea with sugar in it. __7__ people drink tea with both milk __8__ sugar. It’s good __9__ drink tea, because it is healthy Now, let’s have a __10__ tea.
( ) 1 A. water B. food C. drink D. fruit
( ) 2 A .with B. about C. on D. for
( ) 3 A. are B. is C. do D. does
( ) 4 A. on B. above C. in D. over
( ) 5 A. other B. another C. the other D. others
( ) 6 A. likes B. is like C. like D. are like
( ) 7 A. England B. English C. China D. Chinese
( ) 8 A. or B. and C. but D. without
( ) 9 A. to B. for C. of D. at
( ) 10 A. cup B. glass C. cup of D. lots of
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