第五课.英美财产法简介.doc

第五课． 英美财产法简介

英美财产法导论 第一章，第十四章
财产法：案例与材料 PP. 77 - 81

第一部分，Background of English Law 英国法律的背景
一。Introduction
提示：
注意四个区别Being aware of the four differences
1. 文化与历史Differences in culture and history
2. 法律制度与原则Differences in legal principles and system
3. 英国法律概念与中国法律概念Difference between English legal concepts and that of Chinese,
4. 法律英语与日常英语Ddifferences between the legal English and daily English.

英国法律简史与特点 (The English Legal System， Fourth Edition，Keith Eddey)
Anglo-Saxon laws: laws of tribal areas, customs of the settlers in question
盎格鲁。撒克逊的部落习惯法
The Norman conquest（1066）诺曼底人的侵占，将分散的部落国家建成统一的中央集权的国家。
William 将土地全部变成王室的，然后再分赐给他的臣属。其臣属再将土地租给租客。形成了阶梯式的封建人身依附关系
Monarch – followers （lord） – tenants – subtenants ….

Feudal courts 封建领地的法庭

Royal courts王室法庭 1224年 –

The Court of Exchequer财政部法院
The Court of King’s Bench国王法庭
The Court of Common Pleas上诉法院

1400年起-- Court of Chancery 衡平法院
1873 – 1875 合并为高等法院 High Court of Justice (Judicature Acts 1873-75)
Origin of Common law 普通法起源： local law and customas were moved over by a unified legal system, therefore called common law, 这里在当时有共同、共通的法律的意思。在整理和总结地方习惯的过程中，法官是主要的决定者，判例是英国最主要的法律形式。

Emergence of Equity衡平法的出现：
14-15世纪普通法院,渐渐表现出保守、僵化和不公平，
国王身边的高级大臣(Lord High Chancellor -keeper of the king’s conscience and an ecclesiastic）
(Court of Chancery),
To protect the weeker party for equity or fairness）,
A new legal system – Equity, 在当时的含义是公平，公正的意思。
例如: Equity of Redemption 衡平回赎权

1873-75年司法制度法实现了普通法与衡平法管辖权的融合。但是又规定，除专门对冲突情况下作出的规定外，在所有事务中衡平规则应优于普通法规则。

Two categories of Common law
Common law – Equity
Common law system – Civil law system

Development of legislation （The English Legal System p. 184 – 185）

第二部分：英国财产法的学科、背景和法源

1.关于这个学科The Subject
财产法的作用：
1）．It says what counts as property 确定什么是财产法意义上的财产，即财产法的标的物，
有价值，可转让
2）．It determines the types of interests which will be treated as proprietary财产法发现和确定什么是财产权益. 普通法中的主要财产权：所有权、共有权、承租权、担保权、受托权等 Owners, Co-owners, lessees, Charge holders, Trustees, and so on. ,such as Easement
3). It deals with the transfer of property and the repackging of proprietary interests whether inter vivos or on death. 解决人们在有生之年或者身后的财产转让或者各类财产权益重组的技术（程序、手续、方法）问题，为人们提供一个控制和享用财产的法治结构 （如租赁、共有、担保、信托）。

2.法律环境Setting
（1）国际公法
Universal Declaration of Rights adopted in 1948, art. 17 “Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property”.
（2）宪法条款
The Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution “No one is to be deprived of property without due process of law, nor shall private property be taken for public use without just conpensation.

（3）欧共体的法律
Patent and copyright law,
Milk quota as an asset

（4）公法与公共财产

3.财产法的渊源Sources of Property Law
(1).判例法Case law
(2).成文立法Legislation
(3).各类法律渊源的关系Sources in General
Common law cases: Fundamental system of ownership, possession, servitudes and security
Equity: To the above are added corrections and refinements stemming from equity, trust
Status： Have built on this system, but never attempted to set them out in a coherent structure,

(4).专业词汇Vocabulary
Legal /Equitable
Real / personal
Real , or property rights 财产权利的定义：
a). Can by alienated,
b). die when their object perishes or is lost without trace
c). unitl then can be asserted agained an indefinite number of people,
d). enable the holder of the real right to take out of the bankruptcy, (priority over contractual rights)
Equity, “Equity of redemption”,
“Swap debt for equity”
Holder Freeholder, leaseholder, householder, shareholder, bondholder, holder for due course

材料：
内瑟顿 《高速公路入口的控制》
法律随着社会的变化而调整

财产法的执业 – 律师们做什么？
不动产、遗产、信托

思考题：

1． 英国财产法的主要渊源是什么，它们彼此的关系是什么？
2． 举例说明中英国财产法中的主要财产权益。
3． 说明普通法中“Property” 一词的多种含义
4． 说明普通法中 Estate 一词的多种含义
5． 辩论题（两人各为正反方）：我国应当维系一个德国式的“狭义”物权法体系