非谓语动词基础知识.doc

非谓语动词

一． 非谓语动词有哪些？
_________________,________________,________________
二、什么叫非谓语动词？与谓语动词有什么区别？
非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词
Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. have been bought D. Buying

非谓语动词的几大区别：

一．不定式和v-ing均能作主语，二者有何区别？
1.表示某一具体的动作时，多用________；表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用_______。
2.动名词作主语 时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。
1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.
2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much.

注意： Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.
若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式上的一致。
1). In fact _____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
2）. Fishing is his favorite hobby, and _____. (01 上海)
A. he’d like to collect coins as well B. he feels like collecting coins, too
C. to collect coins is also his hobby D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure

二. 不定式和v-ing都可作宾语, 有何区别？
1. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：
…… manage, promise, pretend, plan, offer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, help(帮助)，want(想要) ,refuse等。

2. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：
……Practice, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise, fancy, complete, forbid, permit, allow, stand,
1) I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _____ talking while
she works.
A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop
2) He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
3）but, except 后的不定式问题.(如果介词之前为动词do的某种形式，则后接不带to的不定式，否则带to.此外： cannot choose but ;cannot help but ; cannot but后面的不定式也省略to)
She could do nothing but ________(wait).
I have no choice but ________(wait)
4) need ,require, want +doing(= to be done)
5）to 是介词还是不定式
必　背 常见的带介词to的短语：　　
be used to 习惯 get down to 着手做
Be committed to 全神贯注于 give rise to 引起 be equal to 胜任
devote oneself to 献身于 lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对
look forward to 盼望 object to 反对 stick to  坚持
pay attention to 注意 make contributions to
adjust to adapt to
比较
1.He devoted all he had to_______ (help) those in poverty.
2.The day we had looked forward to ______ (come) at last.
3. Time should be made use of _________(study) English.
4.I object to __________________ (make fun of ).

三. 分词做宾补补足语和不定式做宾语补足语　V+sb+ to do sth/doing/done
1. 能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：
ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend,expect, encourage, persuade, permit, request, order, warn, cause等。
2.使役动词，感官动词接不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语；
1）常见的使役动词有make, let, have等；
翻译：make oneself heard _____________
2）感官动词有see,, watch, observe, notice 以及 hear, listen to以及 feel等
See/hear /watch/notice+ 宾语+ do (不带to,表过程）
doing（进行）
done （被动，完成）
1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ___ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out
C. carried out D. to carry out.
2.You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it _____ often enough.
A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained

但是不定式和分词作宾语补足语表达的意义不同：
① I heard her ______( sing) an English song just now.
② I heard her ________ (sing) an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
③ I heard the English song ______( sing) many times.
(4) I heard the English song ____________( sing) when I passed by her room yesterday.
3）catch sb doing
keep sb doing/keep sth done
leave sb doing/leave sth done
find sb doing/find sth done
Practice： 1)She kept me _______(wait) for over 20 minutes.
2)I found my purse______(steal) yesterday.
3) A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ___ in the kitchen.
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked

4. With 复合结构:
with + O + to do (表将来，主动表被动）
with +O + doing （主动，进行）
With + O + done（被动，完成)
Practice:
1)I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise________. （北京卷34 题）
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
2)With a lot of difficult problem___, the newly elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D being settled

四.不定式、ing 分词和过去分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。 1)不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有 “动宾关系”, 即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的 承受者; 如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式动词后加上相应的介词

He only had a small room _________（live）.
He had no pen _________(write)
There is nothing _________(worry).
There are 5 pairs of shoes ____(choose)

2)分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：
现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表
示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：
①The question __________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.
②The question _____________ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.
③The question ______________ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.

五．能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。此外，用不定式还是非谓语要看清他们的逻辑主语。
Practise:
1). When _______(heat) water will be changed into vapour.
While _______ (heat) water, we can change it into vapour.
2) ______ (see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
_______ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful.
3) Generally speaking, when_______(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
If ________(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon.
六．现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别：
现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果
1). European football is played in 80 countries , _________ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998)
A. making B. makes C. make D. to make
2). He hurried to the station only ________ that the train had left . (2005广东)
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found

七．现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别
表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到 ……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...，若人/物本身有趣时，就是sb./sth. is interesting。
八．分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。
（判断正误）
1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. （ ）
2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. （ ）
3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. （ ）
独立主格结构：
名词/代词+doing Weather permitting, we will go out for a walk
+done Homework finished, the boy went out to play
+to do The exam to be held tomorrow, I can’t go to the cinema tonight
+adj/adv
介词短语 The girl is walking in the field, packet on the back
Everything _______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.
A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking
九．动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
1) LiPing’s/ My helping her moved her deeply.
(动名词结构作主语, 其逻辑主语用所有格)
2) I appreciate your/you/LiPing’s/ LiPing coming to see me.
(动名词结构作宾语, 其逻辑主语用宾格或所有格均可)
3) Is there any hope of our team winning the match?
(逻辑主语是无生命名词时, 只用普通格)
4) What made me angry was many students failing in the exam.
(以-s 结尾的名词, 只用普通格)
Practice：
1) I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon .
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you’re calling
2) ________ made her mother very angry.
A. Mary marrying Jim B. Mary’s married Jim
C. Mary’s marrying Jim D. Mary’s being married Jim
3). The discovery of new evidence led to ______.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief
C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught