句子结构及分类.doc

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征，谓语由动词构成，分简单谓语和复合谓语。简单谓语-简单谓语由动词或动词词组组成。We study English. He looked after two orphans.复合谓语-复合谓语是由“情态动词或助动词+动词”构成，“连系动词+表语”也可构成复合谓语。He can speak English very well./ The work must be done before three oclock.He is watching TV now./ He seems unhappy.3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come（表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound, look, feel，smell, taste, remain, feel ,keep,stay,turn,become,get,go,come）It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.4.宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.5.宾补：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，这部分内容为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 注意：主动语态变成被动语态后，宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。 He was elected monitor. /She was found singing in the next room./He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 若复合宾语中，宾语部分过长，此时可以用形式宾语it ，而真正的宾语后移。常见的结构有：think/ believe/ feel/ find/ consider/ +it +adj./n. +to do / that从句。I feel it strange that she should change her mind at the last minute.I make it a rule to recite 15 words every day.7.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）8.状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 9.同位语。与句中的某些成分，常常是名词或代词，是同一意思。可互相替换。We students should study hard.Do you remember Dr. Wang, one who took the place of our math teacher?句子结构 简单句的七个基本句型主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 不及物动词 状语 He runs fast. / She dances well.主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 主语补语（也成表语） She is happy主语 及物动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book/ She bought a book for me.主语 及物动词 宾语 状语She put all the books on the desk./ She treats her students very well.主语 及物动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage.句子的分类（从句子结构来讲，句子可分为三类） 一、简单句：由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。 eg. We cleaned the windows and tidied the room. /Li Hua and Li Qing went there together.She went out, bought a bottle of wine and returned hurriedly. 二、并列句：由并列连词and,/but/yet/so/or/for/not only but also,/neither nor/eitheror等把两个或两个以上的简单句连起来的句子。 eg. 1)I come from China and he comes from Japan. 2)Hurry up, or youll miss the train. 3)He looked for it everywhere, but he couldnt find it. 4)She didnt know the answer to the question, so she asked the teacher. 5)Hes interested in music while John is interested in sports. 6)Neither will he go home nor will he go to school.三、复合句 （主从复合句）：从句分三大类分别是：1. 定语从句Do you know the girl who is in red?That is the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen.2. 名词性从句(主语从句；宾语从句；表语从句；同位语从句)What is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.When the news came that the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.Id like to start my own businessthats what Id do if I had the money.The villagers have already known what well do is to rebuilt the bridge.3. 状语从句（时间状语从句；让步状语从句；原因状语从句；地点状语从句；方式状语从句；条件状语从句；比较状语从句；目的状语从句；结果状语从句）I was about to leave when somebody knocked at the door.Though he is a child, he knows a lot about history.The little girl wont go to sleep unless her mother tells her a story.一、指出下列句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet.1.You should study hard. 2 She went home very late yesterday evening. 3That morning we talked a great deal. 4The meeting will last two hours. 5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 1.I wrote a letter last night. 2.I want to talk with you this afternoon.3.He has read this book many times. 4.They have carried out the plan successfully.5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 1.My brothers are all college students. 2.In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4.At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 5 Children, keep quiet please. 6. This book is about the history of the United States. 1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3.Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 4.Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5.He showed the ticket to the conductor. 6.This term I have written three letters to my parents. 7.My father has bought me a new bike. 8.Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat. 9.Will you please get me a new copy? 10 .Shall I call you a taxi? 1.We call her Alice. 2.His parents named him John. 3.All of us considered him honest. 4.They pushed the door open. 5.They have set the thief free. 6.We will make our school more beautiful. 4