英语教学中不可或缺的文化意识PPT课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,英语教学中不可或缺的文化意识,Cultural Awareness,Indispensable for,English,Teaching and Learning,1.What is cultural awareness?,2.What is culture?,3.What is the relationship between culture and language?,4.What does this relationship imply for language teaching?,5.What are the basic Strategies for,learning language and culture?,I.What is,Cultural awareness,?,the,awareness,of the,role culture plays in human interaction,how to understand and interpret,t,he cultural aspects of language,and the development of skills in behaving and responding,in culturally appropriate ways,in addition to knowledge of the target culture,.,-,(,K.,Craves,1996).,an important,focus,of modern language education,a greater awareness of the,inseparability,of language and culture,the need to prepare students for,intercultural communication,To reemphasize that developing,cultural awarenessis,as,important as,acquiring,linguistic competence,language and culture,are so,closely connected,that,one cannot survive without the other,II.What is culture?,“,The,way of life,for an entire society.”As such,it includes,codes of manners,dress,language,religion,rituals,norms of behavior,such as,law,and,morality,and,systems of belief,as well as art and,literature,.,“,.culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive,spiritual,material,intellectual,and,emotional features,of society or a social group,and that it encompasses,in addition to,art,and,literature,l,ifestyles,ways of living,togethervalue systems,traditions,and,beliefs,”.-Unesco,联合国教科文组织,2002,III.What is the,relationship,between culture and language?,Language,is,rooted in,culture,and,culture,is,reflected,and passed on by language from one generation to the next.,(Emmitt&Byram 1997),Culture,is deeply ingrained part of the very,fibre of our being,but,language,-the means for communication among members of a culture-is the most,visible and available expression,of that culture.(H.D.Brown,1994),Culture,is called“,a fifth skill of communicative competence,”.,(C.Kramsch,1993),IV.What does this relationship imply for language teaching?,Culture,is the“,fifth dimension of language teaching,”,(Damen,1986),.,Learning a new language involves the learning of a new culture,(Allwright,Teachers of a language,are also,teachers of culture,(M.Byram,1989).,A.Teachers must instruct their students on the,cultural background,of language usage,.,Culture,is such a broad concept that it is,inherently tied to,of the,linguistic concepts,in second language classes.,Culture,must be,incorporated,into the process,of language teaching and learning.,Sir,madam,miss,gentleman,lady,Teachers must instruct students,t,he cultural background of their usage,for,socially appropriate,communication,.,Sir,:its,Usage,1.,Good morning,sir,.Can I help you?,(a,polite,way addressing a man unknown),2.,“Report to me tomorrow.”,“Yes,sir,!”,(“,是，长官！”,)(to show respect),3.,Dear,Sir,/,Sirs,(At the beginning of a formal business letter to an unknown man or unknown men),4.,Sir,Isaac Newton,(,牛顿爵士,)(a titie,贵族头衔,),5.,“Please,sir,can I open a window?”,(Br.E,used by school children),Dear,Zeng,Sir,，,Good evening and sorry,-,（,Here English words are used as dead symbols.,）,Every culture has its own,cultural,norms,（规范）,for communication and these norms differ from one culture to another.,The more effectively we,observe the norms,of other cultures,the better is our communication with people of the target culture.,Analysis of Invisible,Character Image,Rebecca in,Butterfly Dream,Thesis Statement:,Daphne,with,its,unique literary style and the feminist point of view to give the reader,a,vivid,character,s,Rebecca.,(,Daphne,du Maurier,),B.Teachers must instruct their students about the,cultural information,loaded in the target language.,Edgar Allen Poe,爱伦,坡,The Cask of Amontillado,阿芒提拉多酒,“He emptied it(a bottle of wine)at a breath.His eyes flashed with a fierce light.He laughed and threw the bottle upwards with a,gesticulation,I did not understand.I looked at him in surprise.He repeated the movement-a,grotesque,one.”,“you do not comprehend?”he said.,“Not,”I replied.,“Then you are not of the,brotherhood,.”,“How?”,（协会、社团）,“You are not of the,masons,.”(mason:石匠）,“Yes,yes,”I said;“yes,yes.”,Mason,:,Freemason,共济会,一种普布于欧美的秘密结社，有保密的接头暗语或手势，,其历史,悠久，成员包括如下,世界名人,：伏尔泰、孟德斯鸠、歌德、海顿、贝多芬、莫扎特、华盛顿、富兰克林、马克吐温、柯南道尔、牛顿、爱因斯坦,C.Teachers must instruct their students about the,culturally appropriate ways,of using the target language.,Linguistic competence alone is not enough for learners of a language to be competent in that language,(Krasner,1999),.,Language learners need to be aware of the,culturally appropriate ways,to address people,express gratitude,make requests,and agree or disagree with someone.,Making a,Request,“Hey you,come here,.,”,B,eing,linguistically,correct,is not necessarily,culturally appropriate,.,Students will,master a language,when they learn both its,linguistic,and,cultural norms,.,“,I want”,“Id like”,Language learners,cannot truly master the language until they have also,mastered the,cultural contexts,in which the language occurs.,V.What are the,basic Strategies,for,learning language and culture?,A.,Using,authentic sources,from the native speech community,:,films,news broadcasts,and television shows Web sites;and photographs,magazines,newspapers,and other printed materials.,F,ilms(or VCD/DVD),are especially,effective,as one of the more,current,and,comprehensive,ways to enclose,the look,feel,and rhythm of a culture,.,B.Studying,English Idioms(习语/成语)and proverbs（谚语）,Helping students,to notice how English idioms and proverbs are different from or similar to those in Chinese and how differences might,underscore historical and cultural background,.,“,as strong as a,horse,”,体壮如,牛,，力大如牛,“,talk,horse,”,吹,牛,“,put the,cart,before the,horse,”,本末,倒置,“,cut the Gordian,knot,”,快刀斩乱,麻,C.,Exposure to the English environment:,C,ontact with the native speakers,(visits,conversation,celebrations,etc.)will expose,Students,in an,authentic English environment,in which,they,can explore and,accumulate,their,knowledge of English culture,.,D.,Literature:,Literary texts are often full of,cultural information,and evoke memorable reactions for readers.They are important for students to learn,both language and culture,.,From literary works one can get a vivid impression about,almost,every aspect,of the,culture of that society.,T,he names of some,typical characters,in classic literary works often appear in daily speech or writing,s.,Hamlet,(in,Hamlet,the Prince of Denmark,by Shakespeare),Lear,(in,King Lear,by Shakespeare),Ichabod Crane,(in,The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,by Washington Irving),Rip Van Winkle,(,Rip Van Winkle,by Washington Irving).,“He is a,Hamlet,in politics.”,(,hesitant or indecisive,),“That guy is a,Rip Van Wrinkle,in our neighborhood.”,(,a hen-pecked husband,),E.,Religion and belief systems:,As a part of western culture,English culture,is strongly influenced by,ancient Greece,ancient Rome and Christianity,.,Names of,Roman,gods and goddess,:,Mercury,Venus,Mars,etc.(Solar system),Names of Geek gods and goddess:,Apollo,11 Mission,阿波罗,11,号航天飞行,Muses,缪斯女神,Narcissus,美貌自恋的青年，水仙（植物）,（,narcissism,自恋，,narcissist,自我陶醉者,),希腊罗马神话故事,古代的希腊和罗马,（吴于廑：生活,读书,新知三联书店）,VI.What is the,difference,between,cultural knowledge,and,cultural awareness,?,This information is typically:,external,（外来的）,:it is given to us by someone else,（,a kind of indirect knowledge,）,static,（静态的）,:we do not modify it from experience,articulated,（明确表达的）,:it is reduced to what words can express,stereotypical,(模式化观念的):it refers to general norms rather than specific instances,.,reduced,（浓缩过的）:it has been selected from all the information available and it typically omits information about variation and exceptions.,Cultural knowledge,It consists of information about the characteristics of our own and other peoples cultures.,The information is normally given to us in the,form,of:,(a,)facts,(b),statistics,(c),generalizations,(d),examples,.,Cultural knowledge,can also be,misleading,because it:,(a),is dependent on other peoples expertise,objectivity and integrity;,(b)is fixed in time(often out of date);,(c)is inevitably simplified;,(d)often conceals as much as it reveals.,Cultural awareness,According to Tomlinson and Masuhara(2004),cultural awareness consists of,perceptions,of our own and other peoples cultures.,These,perceptions,are:,internal,（内在的）:they develop in our minds,dynamic,（动态的）,:they are constantly being added to and changed,variable,(,可更改的,:they are modified from experience,interactive,（相互影响的）：,in that they connect with and inform each other,Cultural awareness,involves,a“gradually developing,inner sense,of,the,equality,of cultures,an increased,understanding,of your own and other peoples cultures,and a,positive interest,in how,cultures,both,connect,and,differ,.,Increased,cultural knowledge,can give us increased,expertise,and increased,cultural awareness,can help us to achieve,cultural empathy and sensitivity,.It can,facilitate language acquisition,as being,positive,empathetic,and,inquisitive,.,-,(Tomlinson,2000b),Such,awareness,can,broaden the mind,increase,tolerance,and,facilitate international,communication,.”,-,(,B.,Tomlinson,2001),