2024年大学英语四级试题阅读理解及注释.doc

1月大学英语四级阅读了解

1月大学英语四级阅读了解第1篇

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

I’m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck by a report which concluded that today’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children age 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.
Why are America’s kids so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation – brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things – and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.
Given that we can’t turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope.
At the top of the list is nurturing (培育) a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.
To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and computers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face – to – face relationships, ad they will get more sleep.
Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It’s not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murders and crimes on the local news.
Keep you expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale.
Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn’t’ have to ruin your life.

21. The author thinks that the conclusions of any research about people’s state of mind are ____.
A) surprising
B) confusing
C) illogical
D) questionable

22. What does the author means when he says, “we cant’ turn the clock back” (Line 1, Para. 3)?
A) It’s impossible to slow down the pace of change.
B) The social reality children are facing cannot be changed.
C) Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten.
D) It’s impossible to forget the past.

23. According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago ____.
A) were less isolated physically
B) were probably less self-centered
C) probably suffered less from anxiety
D) were considered less individualistic

24. The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is ____.
A) to provide them with a safer environment
B) to lower their expectations for them
C) to get them more involved socially
D) to set a good model for them to follow

25. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
A) Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with.
B) Children’s anxiety has been enormously exaggerated.
C) Children’s anxiety can be eliminated with more parental care.
D) Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children become mature.

1月大学英语四级阅读了解第1篇
【参考译文】
我常常怀疑任何研究的结论说人们比50年前更愉快或更不愉快和更相信自己或更不相信自己。虽然这些研究结论是正确的，也无法得到科学的验证。同时我对一份报告感到很震惊，其中提到今日的孩子比50年代的孩子有明显的焦虑感。实际上，有分析表白，目前9到11岁的正常孩子体现出的焦虑程度比50年前接收精神病治疗的孩子还要高。
为何美国的孩子们如此焦虑呢？报告中引证了两个原因：因为较高的离婚率和较少的参加社会和其他事情而导致的与世隔绝；尚有对世界是一个愈加危险的环境的认知。
尽管我们不能使时钟逆转，成年人还是能够为下一代做许多事情的。
首先要培养孩子们愈加好地领会个人主义的不足。任何一个孩子都不是一座与世隔绝的孤岛。加强社会联系能协助他们更多地参加社交活动，使他们免受压力的困扰。
协助孩子们与他人建立更多的联系。你能够毁掉电视和计算机，很快之后你的家庭会感激你的。他们能够有更多的时间建立一个面对面的关系并且睡得更香。
限制你的孩子们接触到某些虚拟的暴力。不但录像和电影中有暴力场面，孩子们也从本地的报纸上读到了大量有关谋杀和犯罪的消息。
对你的孩子要有合理的期望。诸多功成名就的人士也从未上过哈佛或耶鲁。
使锻炼成为你日常生活的一部分。这能够协助你很好地处理你的焦虑并且为你的孩子提供一个好的榜样。有时候焦虑是不可防止的，但它还不至于会毁了你的生活。

21. 作者以为，有关人们精神状态的任何研究结论是 ____。
A)令人吃惊的
B)困惑的
C)不合逻辑的
D)质疑的

22. 作者说“我们不能使时钟逆转”（第3段第1行）是什么意思？
A)不能减缓变化的速度。
B)孩子们面正确社会现实状况是不能变化的。
C)过去的教训不能遗忘。
D)不也许忘掉过去。

23. 依照分析，与今日正常的孩子相比，50年前接收精神病治疗的孩子 ____。
A)更少与世隔绝
B)也许更少以自我为中心
C)也许遭遇的焦虑更少
D)被以为具备更少的个人主义

24. 为协助孩子们，父母首要该做的是 ____。
A)给孩子们提供一个愈加安全的环境
B)减少对孩子们的期望
C)让孩子们更多的参加社会
D)为孩子们树立一个学习的好榜样

25. 我们能够从文章中得出什么结论？
A)焦虑，尽管不可防止，但能够被恰当处理。
B)孩子们的焦虑被极度夸张了。
C)假如有更多的父母关爱，孩子们的焦虑能够被消除。
D)假如恰当的控制焦虑，能够协助孩子们变得成熟。

【答案】
21
22
23
24
25
D
B
C
C
A

【注释】
本文属于果因分析性的文章，即“提出问题——分析问题——处理问题”型。中心议题是孩子的焦虑(anxious)问题，作者开篇以一个研究的成果导出中心：对比50年前，目前的孩子比此前更感到有压力和焦虑。第2自然段分析导致孩子感到焦虑的原因，第3自然段至第8自然段论述处理措施：父母应当怎样协助孩子减少压力和焦虑。

【答案解析】
21. (D)。本题考点出自第1自然段第1句。“I’m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that…”其中，“skeptical”的意思是“怀疑的，有疑问的”，也就是“questionable有问题的”的意思。
22. (B)。本题考点出自第3自然段。依照上下文，“we can’t turn the clock back”意思是“我们无法把时针反调回去”，也就是说，目前孩子有焦虑的这个现实已经无法变化了。
23. (C)。本题考点出自第1自然段。“In fact, …, normal children age 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years age.对比50年前的有精神病的孩子，正常的孩子比他们更忧虑。”反过来说，有精神病的孩子比正常的孩子遭受的忧虑少。
24. (C)。本题考点出自第4、5自然段。第4自然段“At the top of the list is nurturing a better appreciation of individualism.父母首先要做的是让孩子愈加好地、更多地与人交往、沟通。”第5自然段“stronger connections with others与他人更多地接触”，也就是，父母首先要做的是让孩子更多地融入到社会当中。
25. (A)。综合全文，作者开篇提出问题——目前的孩子比此前的孩子愈加忧虑，接着分析原因，最后论述处理的措施——父母能够协助孩子减少压力和忧虑。因此依照文章我们能够得到“虽然忧虑是不可防止的，但能够通过各种方式来处理、对付。”

【难句分析】
1. 【句型分析】I’m usually fairly skeptical about any research that（that引导限制性定语从句，修饰前面的research）concludes that（that引导conclude的宾语从句）people are either happier or（连词or连接happier和unhappier，表示选择）unhappier or（连词or连接happier or unhappier和more or less certain，与前面的either组成搭配，表示选择）more or（连词or连接more和less，表示选择）less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.
【参考译文】我常常怀疑任何研究的结论说人们比50年前更愉快或更不愉快和更相信自己或更不相信自己。（注意连词or的使用方法以及that的使用方法。）
2. 【句型分析】Still, I was struck by a report which（which引导限制性定语从句，修饰前面的report）concluded that （that引导conclude的宾语从句）today’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s.
【参考译文】同时我对一份报告感到很震惊，其中提到今日的孩子比50年代的孩子有明显的焦虑感。（注意定语从句的使用方法和翻译以及that引导的宾语从句的使用方法。）
3. 【句型分析】The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation –（破折号引出插入语）brought on by high divorce rates and（连词and连接high divorce rates和less involvement）less involvement in community, among other things – and a growing perception that（that引导 perception的同位语从句）the world is a more dangerous place.
【参考译文】报告中引证了两个原因：因为较高的离婚率和较少的参加社会和其他事情而导致的与世隔绝；尚有对世界是一个愈加危险的环境的认知。（注意冒号的使用方法，表示一般特殊型，并注意同位从句的识别和翻译。）

1月大学英语四级阅读了解第2篇

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:

It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints (约束) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don’t at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth’s story:
I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. we had cubicle (小隔间) offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicle with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I uses they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.
It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but “nice” isn’t a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you’ll probably have to ask for it.
Performance is your best bargaining chip (筹码) when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want.
Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market. What will someone else pay for your services?
Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction

26. According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should ____.
A) demonstrate his capability
B) give his boss a god impression
C) ask for as much money as he can
D) ask for the salary he hopes to get

27. What can be inferred from Beth’s story?
A) Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations.
B) If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it.
C) People should not be content with what they have got.
D) People should be careful when negotiating for a job.

28. We can learn from the passage that ____.
A) unfairness exists in salary increases
B) most people are overworked and underpaid
C) one should avoid overstating one’s performance
D) most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises

29. To get a pay raise, a person should ____.
A) advertise himself on the job market
B) persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract
C) try to get inside information about the organization
D) do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions

30. To be successful in negotiations, one must ____.
A) meet his boss at the appropriate time
B) arrive at the negotiation table punctually
C) be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction
D) be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes

1月大学英语四级真题第2篇注释
【参考译文】
在进入一家企业之前就谈妥你的工资要求要轻易些，原因是你一旦工作了，企业组织的约束会影响你的加薪。然而有一点是确定的：假如你不积极要求，那么你以为你有资格加薪的机会实际要少得多。人们积极要求想得到更多就会得到更多。这一点对于其他回报也同样合用，而并不只针对加薪。让我们看一下Beth的例子。
我没有积极要求就得不到我想要的。企业有小隔间的办公间和单个带窗户的办公室。我和诸多男同事一起做在小隔间里。当我还留在小隔间时，他们一个接一个甚至比我晚到企业的都搬入了单间的办公室。他们其中一个告诉我，他在谈工作的时候就积极要求有一个办公室。既然我没有用任何方式体现我的想法，我就像他们以为的同样满足于呆在小隔间。
假如能够依照体现好而积极加薪那就好了，但多数企业没有这么的好心。假如你以为你的体现应得到加薪，就要积极提出来。
体现业绩是你要求加薪的最佳筹码。你必须体现出你值得加薪。同样时间也是一个好筹码。在企业要依照雇员业绩做出加薪的决定之前，你假如能给老板他想要的某个东西——譬如说一个新客户或是一个数额可观的协议，你就更有也许得到你想要的加薪。
信息也能够作为一个筹码。在开放的市场中找出你的价值。他人将为你的服务提供什么样的回报？
与老板进行谈判要准备好在适当初机把筹码放在谈判桌上，利用一定的交流措施引导谈判的发展方向。

26. 依照文章，一个人得到工作之前首先应当 ____。
A)展示他的能力
B)给他的老板一个好印象
C)尽也许索要更多的钱
D)要求他希望得到的薪水

27. 我们能够从Bath的例子得出什么结论？
A)对女性的偏见在某些企业中仍然存在。
B)人们想得到什么就要积极要求。
C)人们不应满足于已经有的一切。
D)人们商谈一项工作时应仔细。

28. 我们能够从文章推理出 ____。
A)加薪中存在不公正
B)多数人工作过度劳累而酬劳甚少
C)不应夸张自己的体现
D)多数企业自动给员工加薪

29. 为了得到加薪，应当 ____。
A)在劳务市场自我推销
B)劝说老板签一份长期协议
C)设法取得有关企业的内部情报
D)在依照业务做出加薪决定之前做些事加深老板对你的印象

30. 为了在谈判中成功，应当 ____。
A)在恰当的时间与老板见面
B)按时到谈判桌
C)擅长影响谈判的成果
D)熟悉老板的好恶

【答案】
26
27
28
29
30
D
B
A
D
C

【注释】
本文属于一般论述性的文章。中心议题是提薪（wages increases），作者借Beth的经历阐明想要加薪或升职，就应当明确地提出要求。作者开篇提出中心wages increases，接着第2自然段以Beth的经历阐明中心。第3自然段论述自动提薪。第4、5、6自然段论述假如你要求提薪或升职，就应当做好能够被加薪的准备。

【答案解析】
26. (D)。本题考点出自第1自然段。“It is easier to negotiable salary requirement…在工作之前应当对自己期望的薪金提出要求。”
27. (B)。本题考点出自第2、3自然段。第2自然段论述了Beth 要求提薪的经历，他没有说出自己的要求。而第3自然段针对Beth 的例子阐明了“想要加薪或升职，就应当明确地提出要求。”即原文中的“you’ll probably have to ask for it.你应当提出要求。”
28. (A)。本题考点出自第2、3自然段。依照第2自然段的详细论述以及第3自然段的“It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit。假如我们都能得到等同于我们的价值的自动提薪，那当然是好事。”作者使用了虚拟语气，暗示了只有我们自己要求提薪，老板是不会积极给你提薪的，也就是“在提薪方面存在着不公平的现象”。
29. (D)。本题考点出自第4自然段。本段论述了假如你要求提薪或升职，就应当做好准备，也就是“Performance is your best bargaining chip when you are seeking a raise.好的体现是你要求提薪或晋升的最佳的谈判砝码。”因此要求提薪或升职，就应当“在你的价值被认定此前做某些让老板印象深刻的事情”。
30. (C)。本题考点出自第6自然段。“…place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.在适当是时间把你的‘砝码’摆出来，并且准备好利用交流方式去引导互动谈话的方向，（使得其往你所期待的成果发展。）”因此，要想谈判成功，必须很好地影响（谈话）互动的成果。

【难句分析】
1. 【句型分析】One by one they were moved into window offices, while（表示前后的对比，比较）I remained in the cubicles, several males who（who引导限制性定语从句，修饰前面的several males）were hired after me also went to offices.
【参考译文】当我还留在小隔间时，他们一个接一个甚至比我晚到企业的都搬入了单间的办公室。他们其中一个告诉我，他在谈工作的时候就积极要求有一个办公室。（对比和比较是英语中作者常常使用的写作措施，在了解时需要注意作者对比的目标是为了强调哪一个方面，对比的目标是为了阐明什么问题。）
2. 【句型分析】If（if引导条件状语从句）you can give your boss something（省略了that，引导限制性定语从句，修饰前面的something）he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before（before引导时间状语从句）merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise（省略了that，引导限制性定语从句，修饰前面的raise）you want.
【参考译文】在企业要依照雇员业绩做出加薪的决定之前，你假如能给老板他想要的某个东西——譬如说一个新客户或是一个数额可观的协议，你就更有也许得到你想要的加薪。（注意省略了that的定语从句的识别和翻译措施。）
3. 【句型分析】Go into the negotiations prepared（过去分词作后置定语，修饰前面的negotiations）to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and（连词and连接prepared和prepared）prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.
【参考译文】与老板进行谈判要准备好在适当初机把筹码放在谈判桌上，利用一定的交流措施引导谈判的发展方向。（注意分词作后置定语的使用方法和翻译。）

1月大学英语四级阅读了解第3篇
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

When families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma’s generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday – best.
But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware (粗陶)-and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china in Britain, it spells economic hard times
Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobs – one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery (陶瓷) region. Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.
Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company “has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend” toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television.
Even dinner parties, if they happen at all, have gone casual. In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it’s better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a “real” dinner party. Too often, the perfect moment never comes. Iron a fine – patterned tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver? Who has time?
Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette (礼节) that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents (“Chew with your mouth closed.” “Keep your elbows off the table.”) must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent profes