1、南 昌 工 程 学 院 09 级毕业论文开题报告 机械与电气工程 系(院) 自动化 专业 毕业论文题目 基于PLC的液位控制 学 生 姓 名 兰 培 标 班 级 09 自 动 化 学 号 2009100331 指 导 教 师 刘 宝 玲 日 期 2012 年 12 月 15 日南 昌 工 程 学 院 教 务 处 订 制论文题目:基于PLC的液位控制一、选题的依据及课题的意义人们生活以及工业生产经常会涉及到水箱液位控制的问题,例如锅炉,食品加工,居民生活用水,污水处理等,在这个过程中仅仅靠人工来调节是远远不够的。为了解决人工控制的控制准度低、控制速度慢、灵敏度低等一系列问题。从而我们现在就引入了
2、工业生产的自动化控制。在自动化控制的工业生产过程中,一个很重要的控制参数就是液位。一个系统的液位是否稳定,直接影响到了工业生产的安全与否、生产效率的高低、能源是否能够得到合理的利用等一系列重要的问题。随着现在工业控制的要求越来越高,一般的自动化控制已经也不能够满足工业生产控制的需求,所以我们就又引入了可编程逻辑控制既PLC。引入PLC使控制方式更加的集中、有效、更加的及时。液位控制系统它使我们的生活、生产都带来了不可想象的变化。它使在控制中更加的安全,节约了更多的劳动力,更多的时间。在我国随着社会的发展,很早就实行了自动控制。而在我国液位控制系统也利用得相当的广泛,特别在锅炉液位控制,水箱液位
3、控制。还在黄河治水中也的到了利用,通过液位控制系统检测黄河的水位的高低,以免由于黄河水位的过高而在不了解的情况下,给我们人民带来生命危险和财产损失。传统供水系统采用基于PLC的PID 控制原理,PID控制原理简单,使用方便,适应性强,广泛应用于各种工业过程控制领域 。但是传统的控制方法是建立在被控对象的精确的数学模型之上的,随着系统复杂程度的提高,将难以建立供水系统的精确数学模型和满足实时控制的要求。在实际工业生产中,很多供水系统的影响因素很多,很多实际系统都是非线性的,建立精确的数学模型特别困难。而基于PLC的模糊控制器克服了PID控制器基于精确数学模型的缺点,将采样时所获得的误差及误差变化
4、信号,根据其模糊化结果查询模糊控制表,转换为精确量后,直接作用于被控对象,解决了传统PID控制系统的缺点,使供水系统更加的安全可靠。 可编程逻辑控制器既保留了继电器控制系统的简单易懂、控制精度高、可靠性好、控制程序可随工艺改变、易于与计算机通信和维修方便等诸多高品质性能,又采用一种可编程运算、顺序控制、定时、计数和运算等操作的指令,通过数字式或模拟式的输入输出来控制各种类型的机械设备或生产过程。因此,现在PLC在液位控制领域得到了广泛而深入的应用二、研究概况及发展趋势综述1)PLC关于液位控制的发展趋势 人们的生活的提高,同时对生活的要求也越来越高,同样对液位控制的及时性、精准性也要求越来越苛
5、刻!基于PLC的液位控制有着,第一,可靠性高、抗干扰能力强,平均故障时间为几十万小时。而且PLC采用了许多硬件和软件抗干扰措施。第二,编程简单、使用方便目前大多数PLC采用继电器控制形式的梯形图编程方式,很容易被操作人员接受。一些PLC还根据具体问题设计了如步进梯形指令等,进一步简化了编程。第三,设计安装容易,维护工作量少。第四,适用于恶劣的工业环境,采用封装的方式,适合于各种震动、腐蚀、有毒气体等的应用场合。第五,与外部设备连接方便,采用统一接线方式的可拆装的活动端子排,提供不同的端子功能适合于多种电气规格。第六,功能完善、通用性强、体积小、能耗低、性能价格比高。 所以基于PLC的液位控制系
6、统的发展前景还是非常宽广!长期以来,PLC始终处于工业控制自动化领域的主战场,为各种各样的自动化控制设备提供非常可靠的控制方案,与DCS和工业PC形成了三足鼎立之势。同时,PLC也承受着来自其它技术产品的冲击,尤其是工业PC所带来的冲击,如今PLC在向微型化、网络化、PC化和开放性方向发展。2) PLC在工业和经济上的发展前景 目前我国在大量引进进口PLC的同时,也在发展国产PLC的同时,主要面临着三大问题:其一是技术问题,在国际上PLC迅速发展的形势下,我国大多数PLC厂家还没有拥有自主知识产权,能够参与国际竞争的PLC产品,这其中主要的因素是研发实力不够。虽然资金投入、生产和质量管理等因素
7、也占有非常大的比重,但对产品的质量起着决定性作用的是研发投入、研发成果产品化以及生产工艺等。其二是竞争问题,由于国内PLC市场大部分由外国的产品所占领,大、中型PLC产品中,几乎全部由国外几大公司垄断,随着我国使用PLC市场的不断扩大,国外几大公司几乎每年都会针对市场推出新的产品,而我国没有自己的自主知识产权的产品,在经济竞争中就只能处于被动的地位。其三是市场销售,国内PLC的产品宣传、市场开拓,以及建立完善的售后服务体系方面应继续加大力度。可以说PLC在我国尚未形成制造产业化。在PLC应用方面,我国是很活跃的,应用的行业也很广。专家估计,2000年PLC的国内市场销量为15(20万套(其中进
8、口占90%左右),约25(35亿元人民币,年增长率约为12%。预计到2005年全国PLC需求量将达到25万套左右,约35(45亿元人民币。 PLC市场也反映了全世界制造业的状况,2000后大幅度下滑。但是,按照Automation Research Corp的预测,尽管全球经济下滑,PLC市场将会复苏,估计全球PLC市场在2000年为76亿美元,到2005年底将回到76亿美元,并继续略微增长3) 国内外PLC的生产厂家全世界PLC生产厂家约200家,生产300多种产品。国内PLC市场仍以国外产品为主,如Siemens、Modicon、A-B、OMRON、三菱、GE的产品。经过多年的发展,国内P
9、LC生产厂家约有三十家,但都没有形成颇具规模的生产能力和名牌产品,更多厂家见附件1三、 研究内容及实验初步方案目前采用的是水箱液位的PID调节,有两级水箱,如果控制一个水箱是单回路反馈PID控制。单回路系统是指在一个调节对象上用一个PID调节来保持参数的很定,而调节器只接受一个测量信号,其输出也只控制一个执行机构,两个水箱的液位通过串级反馈回路来控制,系统具体装置如下图所示:需要注意的是,系统运行前需要控制液位水箱水路上的手动阀全部打开,打开水箱的出水阀至适当的位置。系统通过PLC控制液位的高度,实现的方法是,通过液位传感器把检测到的信号变成相应的电信号传到PLC模拟输入通道中,由PLC经过P
10、ID算法计算得出的输出信号,经过信号处理输出到执行器电动调节阀中控制阀门的开度,使得液位达到指定的高度,这个过程需要一定的时间,输出的信号和电动调节阀的开度成正比,反之控制器参数选择不合适,则会使得控制质量变坏,达不到预期的效果,所以PID参数的选择是很重要的,要很好的去整定,系统可以设定比例积分微分的参数,观察积分的效果,使用比例控制、比例积分控制和比例积分微分控制进行试验,将他们得到的结果进行对比,就可以知道3个环节分别的作用系统的控制图如图2所示:其中SV给定信号,由用户通过计算机设定,PV为控制变量,它们的差是PID调节器的输入偏差信号,经过PLC的PID运算后输出,调节器的输出信号经
11、过PLC的D/A转换成4-20ma的模拟电信号后输出到电动调节阀中调节阀的开度,以控制水的流量,使得水箱的液位保持设定值。水箱的液位经过压力变送器检测转换为相应的电信号输入到PLC的输入接口,再经过A/D转换成控制量PV,给定值SV与控制量PV经过PLC的CPU的检查运算成了偏差信号e,又输入到PID调节器中,又开始了新的调节,所以系统能实时调节水箱的液位。四、目标、主要特色及工作进度三、毕业设计(论文)工作内容及完成时间:12月10日至12月16日:利用图书馆的数据库资源,查阅国内外相关文献资料。12月17日至12月23日:收集文献资料并加以整理,完成英文资料翻译。12月24日至12月28日
12、:分析文献资料,完成开题报告。12月31日至1月4日:熟悉西门子s7-300监控软件使用方法。1月7日至1月13日:利用s7-300监控软件绘制液位控制系统监控流程图。1月14日至1月20日:熟悉并掌握液位控制系统策略。3月25日至3月31日:利用MATLAB仿真软件调试合适的控制参数。4月1日至4月7日:熟悉西门子s7-300组态软件使用方法。4月8日至4月14日:利用s7-300组态软件绘制液位控制控制逻辑图。4月15日至4月21日:调试所绘制逻辑图,使之完成控制功能。4月22日至4月28日: 确定论文的基本框架,准备撰写论文。4月29日至5月5日: 完成论文的初稿。5月6日至5月12日:
13、在导师的指导和帮助下进一步对论文进行修改、定稿。5月13日至5月19日:准备毕业论文答辩。五、主要参考文献(按作者、文章名、刊物名、刊期及页码列出)四、主要参考资料:1 于海生. 微型计算机控制技术M.北京:清华大学出版社,20052 王再英. 过程控制系统与仪表M.北京:机械工业出版社,20053 俞国亮.PLC原理与应用M.北京:清华大学出版社,20054 过程控制实验室指导手册5邹金慧.可编程序控制器及其系统.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2002. 6杨士元等.可编程序控制器(PC)编程、应用和维修M.北京:清华大学出版社,1995.指导教师 年 月 日系意见:AbstractA system
14、atic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. F
15、ormal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requi
16、rements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In part
17、icular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects. In modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling tech
18、nologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice. Studies have shown that programming methodo
19、logies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone f
20、or the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999 have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but th
21、ey normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design. A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will
22、improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads. The software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadil
23、y shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of
24、unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/O points. Increased safety, for insta
25、nce new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging,
26、 adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs. Today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to the field
27、 of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and
28、the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design. From a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated ci
29、rcuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years Whitney, 1996. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At
30、system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design. 2、SIEMENS PLC
31、 SIMATIC S7-300 series PLC applied to all walks of life and various occasions in the detection, monitoring and control of automation, its power to both the independent operation of, or connected to a network able to achieve complex control. The photoelectric products with isolation, high electromagn
32、etic compatibility; have high industrial applicability, allowing the ambient temperature of 60 ; has strong anti-jamming and anti-vibration and impact resistance, so in a harsh working environment has been widely Applications. I also mean freedom of communication S7-300 type PLC s a very unique feat
33、ure, which allows S7-300-PLC can deal openly with any other communications equipment, communications controller, or PLC S7-300 type can be defined by the users own Communications protocol (of the agreement ASCII), the baud rate to 1.5 M bit / s (adjustable). So that can greatly increase the scope of
34、 communications so that the control system configuration more flexible and convenient. Of any kind with a serial interface peripherals, such as: printers or bar code readers, Drives, a modem (Modem), the top PC-connected, and so can be used. Users can program to develop communication protocols, the
35、exchange of data (for example: ASCII character code), RS232 interfaces with the equipment can also be used PC / PPI cable linking the free communication communications. When the PC offline, under the control of the next crew, the whole system can operate normally. PC that is by control centre, mainl
36、y by the PC and laser printer components, using SIMATIC WINCC software platform, the all-Chinese interface, friendly man-machine dialogue. Managers and operators can be observed through a PC, shown in the various kinds of information to understand the present and past the ice-storage operation of th
37、e automatic control system and all the parameters, and through the mouse to print equipment management and implementation tasks. WINCC software in the field of automation can be used for all the operators control and monitoring tasks. Can be controlled in the process of the events clearly show, and
38、shows the current status and order records, the recorded data can show all or select summary form, or may be required for editing, printing and output statements and trends . WINCC able to control the critical situation in the early stages of the report, and the signal can be displayed on the screen
39、, can also use sound to be felt. It supported by online help and operational guidelines to eliminate failure. WINCC a workstation can be devoted to the process control to the process so that important information not is shielded. Software-assisted operation strategy ensures that the process was not
40、illegal to visit and to provide for non-industrial environment in the wrong operation. WINCC is MICRSOFT WINDOWS98 or WINDOWS NT4.0 operating system, running on a PC object-oriented class 32-bit application, OLE through the window and ODBC standard mechanism, as an ideal partner to enter the communi
41、cations world WINDOWS, it can be easily WINCC To integrate a company-wide data processing system. 3、Communications Communications are vital to an individual automation cell and to the automated factory as a whole. Weve heard a lot about MAP in the last few years, and a lot of companies have jumped o
42、n the band wagon. Many, however were disappointed when a fully-defined and completed MAP specification didnt appear immediately. Says Larry Kumara:” Right now, MAP is still a moving target for the manufacturers specification that is not final. Presently, for example, people are introducing products
43、to meet the MAP 2.1standard.Yet 2.1-based products will be obsolete when the new standard for MAP, 3.0is introduced.” Because of this, many PLC vendors are holding off on full MAP implementations. Omron, for example, has an ongoing MAP-compatibility program, but Frank Newborn, vice president of Omro
44、ns Industrial Division, reports that because of the lack of a firm definition, Omrons PLCs dont yet talk to MAP. Since its unlikely that an individual PLC would talk to broadband MAP anyway, makers are concentrating n proprietary networks. According to Sal Provanzano, users fear that if they do get
45、on board and vendors withdraw from MAP, they all pulse width modulation control system be the ones left holding a communications structure thats not supported.中文翻译一个系统化的设计 PLC程序的方法可以克服传统程序生产控制系统的缺点,并且在一些工业应用总有很大的不同。自动控制系统是状态模型用公式语言或等价的语言描述的。公式描述对被控制的系统的行为提供一个精确的描述。可以通过分析估计看状态模型是否达到想要的目标。第二,为状态模型的描述提
46、供结构描述,这个结构描述可以说明逻辑要求和如细节安全规则的限制。第三,好的控制系统设计是对自动控制代码生成有益的一种能够产生可执行的控制软件的能力,不同的逻辑控制器可以减少程序扫描时间和执行那个时间。特别的,这个主题与随后的部分的是有关的。 在现代制造业中,系统是用过程和结果的革新来描述的,并且因此不得不改变系统性能以快速做出反应。因此,一个大的挑战是提供技术以限制自动控制系统对变化需要和新机会的反应,所以,设计和操作知识可以实时的被再次利用,在工业实践中提供了一个重要的竞争面。 研究表明,在自动化系统中,程序实现的方法已经与计算机资源应用的急速增长不能匹配。例如,可编程逻辑控制器()程序仍然
47、依靠一种方便的有逻辑梯形图的程序实现模式。结果,程序上的延迟和资源成了生产工业过程的主要绊脚石。在可编程逻辑控制器程序设计过程中,测试和调试可能会占用超过百分之五十的人力。在发展和传播“”已经形成标准IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999,但是,基本上这些标准都不能参与有效的程序和系统设计方面知识的革新。 系统的方法通过使用原有的软件模块,有助于增加设计自动化的水平,同时也将提供一种可管理的大规模系统设计的方法。同样的,它也将改善软件的质量的可靠性,以及关系到系统的较高安全标准,尤其是这些对环
48、境有危害影响的,比如:机场控制、公共铁路运输。 软件工业被认为是系统性能的破坏者和系统复杂性的产生者。逐渐下降的硬件价格,破坏了对通过优化程序获得的软件性能的需要。其结果是,一方面造成了大量而低效率的程序代码,另一方面并没有获得高的硬件性能。其次,软件变得难以掌握其程度的复杂;在现代自动化系统中,软件设计和保持系统本质几乎变得不可能。尤其是,可编程逻辑控制器()程序设计从二十五年前的两条主线,发展到现在的成千上万条。现在安全性增加了,例如,关于防火的新措施,以及现代自动化系统的柔韧性增加了程序设计过程的复杂性。因此,软件的使用周期花费是总共花费的一个固定不变的增长部分。百分之八十到九十的花费用于软件维护、调试、优化(改进)、和扩展以满足不断变换的需求。 目
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