八年级英语上册 Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells？教案 鲁教版.doc

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
period 1
（知识 能力 品德）
教 学 目 标
Topic: Hobbies
Functions: Talk about how long you have been doing things
Structure: Present prefect progressive
Simple past tense
Present progressive tense
Target language: How long have you been skating?
（重点 难点）
教 材 分 析
Target language:
How long have you been skating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
When did you start skating?
I started skating at nine o’clock.
Students are skating at the Hilltop School.
板书
设计
示意
框图
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?

How long have you been skating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
When did you start skating?
I started skating at nine o’clock.
Students are skating at the Hilltop School.
时序
教学操作过程设计（重点写怎么教及学法指导，含课练，作业安排）

Step 1. Present Perfect Progressive
Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing).
The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger.
Step2. 现在完成进行时 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
过去发生的动作，刚刚结束或最近刚结束（因此，有一个结果就出现在现在）。注意，与现在完成时的不同，现在完成时指的是状态；而这里强调的是动作。与现在完成时相同的地方都是强调对现在的影响。一般来说，用于如下两种情况：
1.过去的动作刚刚结束，对现在有影响。例如： I am very tired because I have been running.
2.从过去一直持续到现在的动作。I have been working for 8 hours. She has been waiting last night.这里的for和since用法和现在完成时相同。
Step3. 与现在完成时的区别：
现在完成时表示到现在为止，动作完成了，而现在完成进行时表示的是一直持续到现在的动作，是比较如下两个句子：
I have just read Tolstoy's "War and Peace". →我已经读过了托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》。（已经读完了）

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? period 1
I have been reading Tolstoy's "War and Peace"→我一直在读托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》。（从过去开始读，现在还没有读完）
当然，也有意思基本相同的情况：
I have lived in Japan for 3 years.=I have been living in Japan 3 years.
Step 3. 怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时
比较一下现在完成时和现在完成进行时。在比较这两个时态时，关键在于对现在完成进行时的基本概念是否理解，因为对于现在完成时我们已经有了一个基本的理解了。
　　现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。
　　现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较：
（1）现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如：
We have been cleaning the classroom．（a）
We have cleaned the classroom．（b）
（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。又，（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。
Be careful! John has been painting the door．（a）
John has painted the door．（b）
（a）句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。（b）句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。
（2）现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。如：
They have been widening the road．（a）
They have widened the road．（b）
（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。如：
Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978．（a）
Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979．（b）
（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。

教学后记

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? period 2
（知识 能力 品德）
教 学 目 标
Topic: Hobbies
Functions: Talk about how long you have been doing things
Structure: Present prefect progressive
Simple past tense Present progressive tense
Learning Strategies: Inducing , Cooperating
（重点 难点）
教 材 分 析
Target language:
How long have you been skating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
When did you start skating?
I started skating at nine o’clock.
Students are skating at the Hilltop School.
板书
设计
示意
框图
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
How long have you been skating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
When did you start skating?
I started skating at nine o’clock.
Students are skating at the Hilltop School.
时序
教学操作过程设计（重点写怎么教及学法指导，含课练，作业安排）

现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如：
My mother has been teaching English for twenty years．（a）
My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）
（a）句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。又，（a）句表示动作现在仍在继续．并将延续下去，（b）句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。
（4）现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如：
Have you been meeting her lately？（a）
Have you met her lately？（b）
（a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。
（5）现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言如：
What have you been doing？（a）
What have you done？（b）
（a）句表示惊异。（b）句只是一个问题。
Have you been waiting long？（a）
Have you waited long？（b）
（a）句较（b）句生动。又，（a）句比较口语化。

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? period 2
I have been wanting to meet you for long．（a）
I have long wanted to meet you．（b）
（a）句比（b）句更亲切，更有礼貌。
Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly．（a）
Recently Mary has done her work regularly．（b）
（a）句显然是在表扬玛丽。（b）只说明一个事实。
下面还有一例，颇为有趣:
Who's been eating my apples？（a）
Who's eaten my apples？（b）
（a）句有强烈的感情色彩，表示愤怒不满，（b）句只是希望回答的一个问题。又，（a）句兼有进行时态，所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思，（b）句是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。
现在完成时是形容现在已经完成的事,比如 I have finished my homework.
现在完成进行时是形容到现在为止一直在进行并且要继续下去的事,比如I have been learning English for seven years.
这两个时态总的来说是不同的。现在完成时常常表示动作已经完成，而现在完成进行时表示动作还要继续下去。有的动词只能用于现在完成时，不能用于现在完成进行时，如：I have known him for many years.有少数动词确实两种形式都有,虽有差别但意义差别不大.又 如：I have taught here for 15 years.(时间只算到现在,但很有可能还要在这儿教下去.) I have been teaching here for 15 years.(我一直还要教下去.)
一些常见的爱好和特别爱好
What’s your hobby?
What are the most common hobbies? (最常见的爱好有哪些呢？)
1）Common hobbies: collecting stamps; collecting shells; playing ball games（球类运动）; playing PC games（玩电脑游戏）; surfing the internet(上网); listeningto music; watching English movies;
2）Unusual hobbies: collecting old coins; collecting snow globes; making kites;
What hobby would you like to try?

教学后记

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? period 3
（知识 能力 品德）
教 学 目 标
Topic: Hobbies
Functions: Talk about how long you have been doing things
Structure: Present prefect progressive
Simple past tense
Present progressive tense
Target language: When did you start skating?
I started skating at nine o’clock.
（重点 难点）
教 材 分 析
mind yard dish poster take order annoy, cut in line, right away, in a minute
cleaning the yard , playing baseball, turning down the music, getting up, doing the dishes, wearing jeans, cleaning your room, getting out of the bathroom, babysit, wash, have to, library, bike, homework, movie, tonight, late, great, terrible, haircut

板书
设计
示意
框图
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
mind yard dish poster take order annoy, cut in line, right away, in a minute
cleaning the yard , playing baseball, turning down the music, getting up, doing the dishes, wearing jeans, cleaning your room, getting out of the bathroom, babysit, wash, have to, library, bike, homework, movie, tonight, late, great, terrible, haircut

时序
教学操作过程设计（重点写怎么教及学法指导，含课练，作业安排）

现在进行时和现在完成进行时
现在进行时：表示一个正在进行的动作,但不表明动作从什么时候开始的。
Examples:
He is waiting over there.
Matthew is study Chinese in Beijing.
现在完成进行时:
a.现在完成进行时表示一个过去开始的并且现在仍在进行的动作。
Examples:
He has been waiting over there since 2:00.
For the last three months, Matthew has been studying Chinese.
b.现在完成进行时表示一个进行了很长时间并且刚刚完成了的动作。
Examples:
Oh, there you are! I have been looking for you everywhere.
c.与现在完成进行时搭配的时间副词:
since, for all/week/month/year, in the past week/few months/few years, recently, lately
现在完成时和现在完成进行时
现在完成时：可表明发生动作的具体数字和次数。
Examples:
He has tried to pass the exam twice.

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? period 3
现在完成进行时：不表明发生动作的具体数字和次数。
Examples:
He has been trying to pass the exam all month.
how 疑问句
how,主要用来引导特殊疑问句，可以询问身体健康。如：
How is your mother today? 你妈妈今天身体好吗？
还可以询问交通方式。如：
How does Li Lei usually go to school? 李雷通常怎样去学校？
可以询问天气。如：
How is the weather today? 今天天气怎么样？
how后面跟不同的形容词或副词，同样可以引导含义不同的特殊疑问句，如how old, how long, how often 等　　how old主要用来询问年龄。如：
How old is Mr Wang? 王先生多大年龄？
可以用来询问建筑物的年头、历史等。如：
How old is this bridge? 这座桥有多少年的历史了？
how long用来询问长度。如：
How long is the Yellow River? 黄河有多长？
how long还能询问时间长短,如：
How long does it take you to go to work by bike every day? 你每天骑自行车上班花多长时间？
how often主要用来对动作发生的频率进行提问。如：
How often do you go to see your grandma? 你多长时间去看你的奶奶？
how many主要对可数名词的数量进行提问。如：
How many people are there in your family? 你家里有几口人？
how much问不可数名词的量，如：
How much water is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少水？

教学后记

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? period 4
（知识 能力 品德）
教 学 目 标
Topic: Hobbies
Functions: Talk about how long you have been doing things
Structure: Present prefect progressive
Simple past tense
Present progressive tense
Target language: How long have you been skating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
（重点 难点）
教 材 分 析

mind yard dish poster take order annoy, cut in line, right away, in a minute
cleaning the yard , playing baseball, turning down the music, getting up, doing the dishes, wearing jeans, cleaning your room, getting out of the bathroom, babysit, wash, have to, library, bike, homework, movie, tonight, late, great, terrible, haircut

板书
设计
示意
框图
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
mind yard dish poster take order annoy, cut in line, right away, in a minute
cleaning the yard , playing baseball, turning down the music, getting up, doing the dishes, wearing jeans, cleaning your room, getting out of the bathroom, babysit, wash, have to, library, bike, homework, movie, tonight, late, great, terrible, haircut

时序
教学操作过程设计（重点写怎么教及学法指导，含课练，作业安排）

1. We_________each other since he _________here.
A. didn't see; left B. haven't seen; left
C. haven't seen; has left D. wasn't seen; left
since引导的时间状语从句，主句用现在完成时，从句要用一般过去时。答案选B。
for +时间段；since +时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
I have learned English for ten years.
for和since经常用在现在完成时中表示时间，for表示的是时间的长度，例如，for 6 months, for 20 years...；而since表示的是从过去的某时间点，例如：since1960, since Monday...。另外，for可以用在任何时态，而since一般只用在完成时。
SINCE 和 FOR
since 跟 for 的用法. 这个两个字常常跟现在完成式句子一起用. since
表示 "自从一个特定的时间开始", for 表示 "时间持续了多久".
比较这两个连词的用法.
M: Henry and Kate have been married since 1962.
F: They have been married for a long time.
M: Henry and Kate have lived in Seattle since 196

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? period 4
F: They have lived in Seattle for a long time.
M: Henry has worked as a fireman since 1970.
F: He has worked as a fireman for many years.
下面这组练习是由老师问你一个问题, 然后, 他提出一个特定的时间请你用
since 跟这个特定的时间回答问题. 这些问题都是跟亨利作救火员有关系的.
每作完一句就请你听正确答案.
M: Has Henry wanted to be a fireman?
M: He was a child.
F: Henry has wanted to be a fireman since he was a child.
M: Has Henry worked as a fireman for a long time?
M: 1970
F: Henry has worked as a fireman since 1970.
M: Has Henry ever worked for the city government?
M: He got married.
F: Henry has worked for the city government since he got married.
M: Has Henry been very busy with his job?
M: last month
F: Henry has been very busy with his job since last month.
在下面一组练习里老师问学生一些有关凯特当教员的问题, 每问一句, 老师就
提出一个指明时间长短的词组, 请学生用 for 跟这个词组来回答问题. 请你在
学生作练习的时候也一起作.
M: How long has Kate been a teacher?
M: a long time
F: She's been a teacher for a long time.
M: How long has Kate taught in elementary school?
M: many years
F: Kate's taught in elementary school for many years.
M: How long has Kate taught this year?
M: 6 months
F: Kate's taught for six months this year.
F: Kate's been in school for 4 hours today.

教学后记

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? period 5
（知识 能力 品德）
教 学 目 标
Topic: Hobbies
Functions: Talk about how long you have been doing things
Structure: Present prefect progressive
Simple past tense
Present progressive tense
How long have you been skating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
（重点 难点）
教 材 分 析
Target language:
How long have you been skating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
When did you start skating?
I started skating at nine o’clock.
Students are skating at the Hilltop School.
板书
设计
示意
框图
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?
How long have you been skating?
I’ve been skating since nine o’clock.
When did you start skating?
I started skating at nine o’clock.
Students are skating at the Hilltop School.
时序
教学操作过程设计（重点写怎么教及学法指导，含课练，作业安排）

练习
教师念一个现在完成式否定句,提出一个表明时间的词组, 要求把这个词组用进原来的句子里. 注意凡是指明特定的时间，就必须用 since, 凡是说明时间长短的词组,就必须用 for. 每做完一句听老师念正确答案. 看做对了没有.
M: Henry hasn't seen his cousin, Susan.
M: last year
F: Henry hasn't seen his cousin, Susan, since last year.
M: Henry hasn't written to his daughter, Jenny.
M: two weeks
F: Henry hasn't written to his daughter, Jenny, for two weeks.
M: Henry hasn't eaten any meat.
M: last week
F: Henry hasn't eaten any meat since last week.
M: Kate hasn't heard from her sister.
M: April
F: Kate hasn't heard from her sister since April.
M: Kate hasn't taken a trip
M: the year before last
F: Kate hasn't taken a trip since the year before last.

课题
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? period 5
M: Kate hasn't bought any expensive clothes.
M: 10 months
F: Kate hasn't bought any expensive clothes for 10 months.
since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点　(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
　 I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago
　 I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句　
　 Great changes have taken place since you left.
　 Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
　 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
since是一个用法极活跃的词，现归纳如下：
　　1. 用作介词，意思是“从……以来；自从”，常与完成时连用。
　　I haven't heard from her since last year. 自去年以来我没有收到她的来信。
　　2. 用作副词，意思是“从那时以来”。
　　I saw him last year, but we haven't met since. 我在去年见到过他，从那以后我们就没有见面。
　　3. 用作连词，意思是“从……以来；由于；既然”等。
　　He has been ill since I saw him last. 从上次我见他以来，他一直在生病。
　　Since you have finished the work, let's go to the park. 既然你已把工作做完了，我们去公园吧。
　　since表示原因时，语气比because弱，表示的原因是对方已知的，所说明的有时不是根本的或直接的原因，是附带的原因，一般把它译成“既然；鉴于”。since引导的从句往往放在主句之前。例如：
　　The fisherman said，“Since I must die, I must... ” 渔夫说：“既然我非死不可，那我就死好了……”

教学后记