写作四步骤.doc

2011年6月四级考试写作核心点拨
一般来说，四级考场作文的写作步骤分为四步：
(一)审题立意
命题作文写作过程中最关键的步骤就是审题，不仔细审题很容易使作文跑题，因此这是必不可少的第一步，一般需要注意以下两个方面：
1.分析题目和提纲，确定文章的体裁及命题类型，抓住中心思想，联想此作文要求的体裁及命题类型的写作原则及要求。
2. 进一步确定给定的题材及此作文要考查重点内容。也就是说，通过审题，考生对作文谈论的主要话题心中有数。还要从题目中找出关键词，判断该题目含概内容以及 侧重点是什么。例如，“Will E-books Replace Traditional Books”，电子书籍能否代替传统书籍是本作文要讨论的中心内容，写作时要抓住 “E-books”的好处/缺点和“Traditional Books”的好处/缺点来论证作文主题。
(二)草拟提纲
四 级考试中最常见的是给出题目和提纲题型，因此只需考生能正确有效地去利用已经给出的中文提纲，对提纲材料进行加工、补充、扩展即可。文章的大概内容每个考 生都很容易把握，因此扩展这一步骤显得尤为重要，首先确定重点，选准扩充点，将较抽象的内容具体化，阐述透彻，要有新意，要出现亮点。另外，考生要注意不 同的作文题型，对列提纲的要求有所不同，写作的格式也不同。最后，建议考生最好直接用英语(论坛)列出更细的提纲。这样既节约时间，又提高写作速度。
(三)落笔写作
题 目中已经列出汉语提纲，写作思路的难度大大降低，因此考生要更加注重写作过程。在这一过程中，以所拟定的提纲为指导，把提纲中要点内容通过一些过渡手段将 其连接成完整的文章。文章得分的关键在于能够合理地对构思素材取舍增补，调整框架结构，并且不断创造语言亮点，例如：各种从句、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调 句、插入语以及替换词。最后还要兼顾各种语法现象。
(四)修改润色
考试过程中时间往往很紧张，考生最好考虑成熟后动笔直接写在试卷上，这样节省时间。另外，如果确实有要修改的地方，要注意卷面的整洁，这往往会影响阅卷老师的第一印象。检查文章时主要从以下几个方面入手:
1.语篇结构上的检查。这主要是检查文章的主题是否明确，篇章层次是否明显，段落衔接是否连贯，内容是否切题等。
2.段落检查。这一步主要检查段落是否完善，中心是否突出，段内各句是否衔接紧凑等。
3.语法上的检查，包括用词是否恰当，标点是否正确，句子结构是否完整，语句是否通顺等。
下面以2009年12月四级作文真题为例，详细阐述一下写作的这四个步骤：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of “Creating A Green Campus”.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1.建设绿色校园很重要
2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……
3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……
(一)审题立意
1.首先审题目以及提纲，考生很容易判断出这是问题解决类作文。
2. 该作文体现出一种较新的命题方式，首先在题材上，依然是我们所熟悉的校园类话题，同时兼顾社会的热点：环保问题，这也与社会的大背景有关系，刚刚闭幕的哥 本哈根世界气候大会也同时关注环保减排这个主题，因此我们的作文也与社会热点有很大的关系。分析题目Green “绿色”和Campus “校园”是本作文的关键词。考生应该考虑绿色校园具体是什么含义。重点应放在绿色校园的含义以及我们应该采取的措施上。考卷已经列出了提纲，这是对“三段 式”提纲类作文写作结构的考查。
(二)草拟提纲
Topic: Creating A Green Campus
Question: What’s a green campus and how to creat a green campus?
Outline:
Creating A Green Campus
I. Nowadays the topic of a green campus has aroused public attention.

1.It is of vital importance to the students
2.It has a profound impact on society
II. The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment.
1. green environment preservation and protection
2.a civilized atmosphere for students’ mental health
III. It is imperative for us to take effective measures to creat a green campus.
1.The law and regulations should be worked out
2.Enhanced the awareness of the students themselves
(三)落笔写作
1.阐述问题段：根据题目中的提纲，首先强调建立绿色校园的重要性，最好在此句之前做一个铺垫，介绍建立绿色校园受到人们广泛关注这一背景信息，即the topic of a green campus has aroused public attention.
important。
the indispensable part for, has a profound impact on, significance等。
2. 说明原因段：对绿色校园的两方面含义进行论述。另外在展开论证过程中，抽象句子要举例说明，如：such as planting more trees and flowers, for example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams，这些具体信息使文章更生动，容易理解。
to begin with, in addition to; furthermore/not only … but also …/ what’s more; for example/for instance/such as; in other words/ in particular等。
The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment.
campus construction refers to green environment preservation and protection。然后举例进一步解释此含义，并强调其重要性：which makes campus an ecological and natural resort.在这个过程中考生要注意亮点词汇以及句型的使用。
in addition to引出“绿色校园”的第二层含义，即create a civilized atmosphere for the sake of students’ mental health.然后举例进一步解释此含义。如：For example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams and plagiarizing in academic papers.
3.解决方法段：鉴于“绿色校园”的重要性，说明采取措施的必要性，如：To bring “green campus” to its full play, effective measures should be taken.
We must…/ We should…等。
It is essential that …; Only by the co瞖fforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly.这样使自己的观点表达得既委婉又客观。
Creating A Green Campus
Nowadays the topic of a green campus has been widely debated which has aroused public attention. Undoubtedly, a green campus, the indispensable part for the development of college students, has a profound impact on both individuals and society, for its significance cannot be denied.
The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment. To begin with, campus construction refers to green environment preservation and protection, such as planting more trees and flowers, which makes campus an ecological and natural resort, and advocating green products. For example, students are encouraged to avoid using disposable plastic containers in campus dining hall and recycle wasted batteries and other electrical products properly. In addition to the environmentally friendly practice, we shall make every effort to improve the moral standard and ethical level of university students in order to create a civilized atmosphere for the sake of students’ mental health. For example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams and plagiarizing in academic papers.
To bring “green campus” to its full play, effective measures should be taken. First, based on its education function, campus should bring the theory of “sustainable development” into classrooms, set environmental management rules and conduct environmental education activities. Second, it is essential that law and regulations be worked out and enforced by the government and school authorities. Only by the co-efforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly and bring benefit to people’s well-beings.
(四)修改润色
1.检查
检 查是否包含考卷提纲列出的所有信息；各段落衔接是否连贯，使用In the first place, Furthermore, On the one hand， For instance， On the other hand等词可以达到这种效果；语法上单词拼写上是否有误，如较长单词indispensable，environmentally friendly，preservation，plagiarizing等，以及短语has a profound impact on，disposable plastic containers，in case of，bring …to its full play, bring benefit to以及最后一段中虚拟语气、倒装句使用是否正确。避免使用“汉语式英语”；检查文章标点符号是否正确。
2.润色
例 如：Only by the co-efforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly and bring benefit to people’s well-beings中使用倒装句的结构，凸显考生的语法功底。