动力锂离子电池现状、安全性及寿命评测.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,杰,1,汽,动力锂离子电池现状、安全性及寿命评测,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,2011,汽车动力电池国际研讨会,INET,Tsinghua,University,hexm,2011,年,2,月,23-24,日，上海,何向明,清华大学核研院,新型能源与材料化学研究室,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,内容,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,动力电池现状,锂离子动力电池的安全性,锂离子动力电池的使用寿命,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,清华大学核研院锂离子电池实验室介绍,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,The,Great,Wall,Ming,Institute,of,Nuclear,and,New,Energy,Technology,Tsinghua,University,Less,than,50,minutes,drive,45,km,The,Institute,Tsinghua,Beijing,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,Tombs,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,Lithium,ion,腾会,车动,杰,11汽,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,2,R&D,0,battery,务,Fuel,Cell,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,燃料电池实验室,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,学术带头人：姜长印、万春荣,会,车动,学术骨干（博士）：何向明、蒲薇华、应皆荣、李建军、刘靖,ww,、,电,郭建伟、,w,力,.g,池研,op,讨会,ve,研究骨干（硕士）：武玉玲、冯丽娟、张丽春、孙文婷、陈敏,.c,实验室技师：陈克勤、常彩霞、李智敏、康建峰、杨兆卫、史波,锂离子电池实验室20,1,腾,务,王,莉、任建国、李建刚、高,剑,et,-e,nt,博士生、硕士生：,10-15,名,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,om,锂离子电池研究概况,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,材料合成，机理诊断，电极/电池工程化，数学模型,p-,讨会,en,t.,电池,模型,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,从纳米尺度到微米尺度，再到毫米尺度,性能,电极,结构,电池,结构,结构,材料合成,材料修饰,表面/界,面化学,新工艺,新材料,安全性,长寿命,电极制造,电池制备,电极,模型,高性能,锂电池,电极,模型,1,腾,务,负极,正,极,w.,to,ev,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,动力锂离子电池的现状,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,目前市场上的混合动力车,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,Toyota,Highlander,Lexus,RX400h,Honda,Insight,Lexus,GS450h,Toyota,Camry,Honda,Civic,Toyota,Prius,Honda,Accord,Saturn,Vue,Chevy,Silverado,Ford,Escape,more,and,more,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,混合动力车,ELECTRIC,ACCESSORIES,PETROLEUM,ONLY,76hp,gasoline,engine,67hp,electric,motor,1.5kWh,battery,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,ADVANCED,ENGINE,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,Fuel,Flexibility,p-,讨会,en,插电式混合动力车,ELECTRIC,ACCESSORIES,ADVANCED,ENGINE,PETROLEUM,AND/OR,ELECTRICITY,BATTERY,RECHARGE,76hp,gasoline,engine,67hp,electric,motor,9.0kWh,battery,(30mi),Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,Percentage,of,Vehicle,Fleet,In,Use,(%),Cumulative,Fuel,Consumed,(gallons),5,10,15,20,25,0,0,10,5,15,20,25,30,Time,of,Day,(hr),Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,0,30,100,50,150,200,250,300,PHEV40,8647,total,miles,driven,共行驶8647英里,58,mpg,&,140,Wh/mi,PHEVs:,40%,reduction,in,operating,costs,$500,annual,savings,37,mpg,76,mpg,&,211,Wh/mi,Assumes,$2.41/gal,and,9/kWh,$1.58,$1.21,$2.48,$3.45,$0.48,$0.72,-,-,5.4,5.1,6.5,9.1,PHEV20,PHEV40,HEV,CV,混合动力车的实际节油效果,1,会,w.,40,400,Conventional,35,350,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,E-Transportation,is,the,most,significant,technological,revolution,after,the,cellular,and,the,internet.,电动交通是移动电话和互联网后的最重要的技术革命,。,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,电动车对动力电池的需求在持续增长,腾,务,w.,to,20,杰,1,汽,1,ev,t.,co,m,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,MW,reserve,power,plants.,兆瓦级储能电站。,ev,t.,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,钛酸锂电池移动储能电站,Electrovaya,International,Battery,Ultralife,Valance,Saft.,BYD,磷酸铁锂电池固定储能电站,规模储能是动力电池的又一重要市场,腾,务,Manage,fluctuations,in,electricity,demand.,平抑电网波动。,w.,to,Manufacturers,to,take,a,part:,A123,Altairnano,Enerdel,20,杰,1,汽,1,en,co,m,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,different,cell,models,.,t,e讨会,120,different,cell,models,n,o,Ultra,High,power,超高功率(20C)-,19,manufacturers,.,Market,grow,of,15%,CAGR(复合年均增长率),per,year,driven,by,the,EV,growing,market,Cell,costs,are,decreasing,by,8%,per,year,Source:,IIT,).,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,动力电池的现状,杰,2011汽,High,power,高功率(10C)-,84,manufacturers,1500,op-,腾,务,w.,ve,t.c,m,中日韩在动力电池制造方面占支配,腾,务,车,力,地,动,位,杰,1,汽,20,w.,电池,to,研讨,ev,会,t.,Far-East,manufacturers,dominate,the,market,台湾,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INETTsinghua,University,1,会,ww,ge,p-,en,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Pouch,.,m,co,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,动力电池的包装方式,Prismatic,cells,较好的传热,安全性好,使用寿命长,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t,cells,Cylindrical,cells,Cell,Size,mm,Cap,Ah,Cycle,life,Temp,range,Weight,gr,Weight,energy,density,Wh/Kg,Volume,energy,density,Wh/L,p,-,Weight,constant,power,density,W/Kg,会,Volume,ev,en,powert.,co,m,density,W/L,A123-,AHR18700M1UL,TRA,D=18,L=70,0.7,1000to,90%,-10to,100,38,60,129,10855,23169,A123-,AHR32157M1HD,D=32,L=157,10,1000to,80%,-30to60,304,108,261,10855,26148,Saft-,VL12V,D=47,L=173,12,500to,80%,-30to60,640,67,144,8437,18000,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,功率最高的磷酸铁锂电池,Seealso,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,讨,腾,务,w.,to,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,Beijing,China,Powerel,北京中润恒动电,池有限公司,850,x,560,x,71,200,500,to,80%,?,7000,102,21,1028,213,Lionik,深圳市龙锂实业,有限公司,255,x,145,x,55,100,500,to,80%,-20,to,60,3600,105,186,1055,1868,单体电池容量最高的高功率动力电池,腾,务,w.,Cell,Size,Cap,Cycle,Temp,Weight,Weight,Volume,t,mm,Ah,life,range,gr,energy,energy,power,density,density,density,density,Wh/Kg,Wh/L,W/Kg,W/L,杰,2011汽,t.,Cell,V,Cap,Ah,Cycle,lifeto,80%,Weight,gr,Weight,energy,density,Wh/Kg,Volume,energy,density,Wh/L,务,Weight力,ww,powerw.,ge,t,density,W/Kg,Volume,power,op-density研讨会,ev,W/Len,Advancedbattery,factory,1201007,3.3,1.2,1000,43,92,239,5525,m,14372,Q-LiteIndustrial,ICR18650HH,3.7,1.3,500,40,120,275,3006,6885,CENSEnergyTechCo,18650P,3.2,1.12000,45,78,212,2844,7742,AmericanLithiumInc,No-P.N,3.2,1.5,2000,34.3,140,290,2798,5806,HenanBideliEnergy,ICR18650P,3.7,1.4,500,38,136,306,2726,6129,Samsung,INR18650-15R,3.6,1.5,500,45,120,326,2000,5443,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,功率最高的18650电池,Highcompetitivemarketwithalmost50differentcellmodels,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,Cell,V,Cap,Ah,Cycle,lifeto,80%,High,oper.,Temp.,c,Weight,energy,density,Wh/Kg,Volume,energy,density,Wh/L,Weight,power,density,W/Kg,Volumeen,t.,c,powerom,density,W/L,Saft,VL32600-125,4.2,4,200,125,123,259,61,129,AdvancedBattery,Factory,3.2v/60ah,3.6,60,3000,90,80,127,666,1060,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,操作温度最高的动力电池,EV,needs,batteries,with,up,to,80,C,high,temperature,operating,range,m,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,CellI.D,Wh/Kg,Charge,Rate,Cycle,Life,GPLbattery,GE-,32AH-02,32AH,93,9.38C,500,GAIAUHE-341440,7.5AH,84,16C,500,ToshibaSCiB,65,11.9C,6000,StandardCharge,QuickCharge,FastCharge,务,力,UltraFastCharge,ww,w.,C/3,C/3,2C,10C,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,to,研讨,ev,会,t.,快速充电动力电池,短问题的最经济的方法。,road,charging,stations.,Current,Market,Ultra,fast,charging,cell,UltrafastchargeStation,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,电池,p-,en,co,快速充电,(up,to,5,min,80%,capacity),是解决电动车续驶里程,m,杰,1,汽,20,车,会,务,动力,w.,电池,to,研讨,ev,会,t.,Toshiba,Super,Charge,Lithium,Ion,Battery,-,SCiB,Lithium,Manganese,oxide,Spinel,cathode,-,LMO,Lithium,Titanate,Oxide,anode,LTO,Recharge,to,90%,of,full,capacity,in,less,than,5,minutes.,Excellent,safety,because,of,high,level,anode,stability.,6000,cycles,of,full,D.O.D,to,90%,of,initial,capacity.,Low,temperature,discharge,from,-30C.,SCIB,is,currently,available,on,the,Schwinn,Tailwind,electric,bike.,2.4Voc,65,Wh/Kg,131,wh/l,650,W/Kg,1316,W/l,&Toshiba,1,腾,ww,ge,p-,en,co,m,杰,11汽,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,1,st,Will,dominate,the,rechargeable,market,for,the,near,and,mid,future.,2,nd,Generation,Li-Ion,Chemistries,Better,performance,-,Up,to,300,Wh/kg,with,fast,recharge.,-,Wider,operating,temperature,range.,-,Fast,Charging.,Improved,safety.,Reduced,cost.,锂空气电池？,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,下一代锂离子电池动力电池,20,腾,务,w.,to,ev,Generation,Li-Ion,Chemistries,t.,co,m,杰,11汽,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,动力电池的安全性问题将影响其市场命运,p-,讨会,en,co,If,it,is,not,safe,it,will,not,survive,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,动力电池的安全性问题,20,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,锂离子电池的安全性,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,安全性问题引起的损失,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,Safety,cases,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,Safety,cases,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,安全性的概念,滥用安全性,abuse,thermal,runaway,Mechanical,机械的,crush,nail,penetration,挤压、针刺,Electrical,电的,short,circuit,overcharge,短路、过充,Thermal,热的,thermal,ramp,simulated,fire,热箱、火烧,现场安全性,field,failure,thermal,runaway,Manufacturing,defects,由制造瑕疵引起,Loose,connection,separator,damage,foreign,debris,连接问题、隔,膜损坏、粉尘,Can,develop,into,an,internal,short,circuit,随机发生，引起内短路,Can,lead,to,overheating,and,thermal,runaway,引起过热与热失控,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,滥用安全性,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,现场（随机）安全性,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,两种安全性概念的差异,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,现场安全性,滥用安全性,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INETTsinghua,University,Predictable,可预测的,Common,to,all,cells,对每,一个电池,Can/should,be,evaluated,at,the,cell,level,可以通过,测试进行评估,Time,constants,relatively,long,发生过程较长,Can,be,augmented,by,protection,devices,可以,通过保护措施进行改善,Not,predictable,不可预测的,One-in-a-million,(or,less),随,机小概率发生,Difficult,to,evaluate,at,the,cell,level,or,through,QC,无,法通过测试进行评估，也不,能通过质量管理来完全消除,can,occur,quickly,发生很突,然,PTC,CID,shutdown,separators,electronic,controls,not,are,effective,目,前所有的安全性措施，均不,能完全消除锂离子电池安全,隐患,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,发生安全事故的锂离子电池，之前均通过,UL,安全认证。,en,发生原因基本上是不可预测的内短路所造成。而这种内短,路似乎是不能完全消除。,引起安全事故的电池在制造时，均是合格品。,目前滥用安全性标准的测试结果，与发或者不发生安全性,事故，之间没有任何联系。,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,锂离子电池安全性,1,腾,务,w.,对于笔记本电脑电池，发生概率在几百万分之一。,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,Major,effort,has,been,payed,to,improve,the,ways,we,ww,力电,ge,池研,address,safety,in,lithium-ion,batteries,however,p-,讨会,en,在人们如此重视锂离子电池安全性的今天，严重的安全性问,题还时有发生。,The,battery,community,does,not,have,adequate,tests,to,evaluate,safety,as,it,relates,to,the,safety,incidents,that,have,taken,place,or,could,take,place.,人们还没有找到合适的方法来预测和评测这类安全隐患问题,我们在做工作，希望,“,十二五,”,结束时，这个问题得到一定程,度的解决。,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,锂离子电池的安全性,腾,serious,safety,incidents,can,always,occur.,t.,务,w.,to,ev,co,m,Energy,Released,(J),热失控的机,腾会,1,车,杰,理,务,动力,w.,电池,to,研讨,ev,会,t.,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,249.9,378,292.5,73.71,640,0.9,0,300,200,100,700,600,500,400,Anode/Binder,Anode/Solvent,SEIDecompn,Cathode,Breakdown,Separator,Oxidn,Cathode,Solvent,Oxdn,JouleHeating,Cathode,锂离子电池安全性,900,800,0.8,Ah,钴酸锂手机电池,20,1汽,ww,ge,826.2,p-,en,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,负极材料的安全性改进,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,正极材料,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,Heat,release,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,Safety,of,cathode,Materials,杰,会,1,动,20,腾,汽车,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,隔膜,隔膜关闭的温度范围,Strength,and,physical,integrity,抗压机械强度,Shrinkage,allowance,热收缩率,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,影响电池安全性的重要指标,Shutdown,performance,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,电解质,Solvent,，,non-flamable,Salts,，,high,decomposition,temperature,Additives,，,Flame-Retardant,Gel,electrolyte,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,P(VdF-HFP)凝胶电解质在,.,m,o,c,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,凝胶电解质,凝胶电解质的放热量与放热速率,黄倩，厦门大学博士论文,燃烧过程中的放热总量非常,接近于纯液态电解液体系。,并且随着P(VdF-HFP)在凝,胶电解质中浓度的增加，其,相应的热释放速率逐渐降低,。采用P(VdF-HFP)凝胶电,解质比液态电解液更为安全,PMMA凝胶电解质体系中，,情况却是相反:其燃烧反应的,放热总量和热释放速率都随,PMMA的加入而显著增大。,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,锂离子电池的安全性是一个复杂的系统问题,en,动力电池安全性是一个系统问题。,从单纯的电池材料改性（正极、负极、电解质、隔膜,）是不能完全解决安全性问题，但可以大幅度地提,高。,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,正极材料包覆,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,钴酸锂包覆磷酸铝,5-10nm,AlPO,4,过充电前,过充电后,自制安,全性手,机电池,过充电试验,未燃烧、未爆炸。,市售品牌电,过充电,池电芯,Institute,of,New,剧烈燃,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,Energy,烧,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,高性能高安全性动力电池,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,采用正极材料表面与界面控制技术、电解质添,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,加剂等技术，制备出高安全性动力电池。,20V过充,150热箱,5小时以上,标称容量,12Ah,，三元氧化物,正极材料。电池比能量大于,160wh/kg,，比功率大于,1200W,/kg,，,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,安全,很好的倍率性能,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,目前市售三元动力电池的过充电,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,充电到,5.2V,时，发生剧烈燃烧,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,目前市售三元动力电池,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,充电到,4.15V,，加热到,120,，发生剧烈燃烧,p-,讨会,en,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,w.,to,ev,t.,co,m,会,车动,ww,力电,ge,池研,p-,讨会,en,动力电池的使用寿命与成本,如何评测动力电池的使用寿命,现场检测电池的寿命状态（,SOH,）,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,锂离子动力电池的使用寿命,务,w.20,杰,1,汽,1,腾,to,ev,t.,co,m,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,PHEV,battery,likely,to,deep-cycle,each,day,driven:,15,yrs,equates,to,4000-5000,deep,cycles,w,力,Also,need,to,consider,combination,of,high,and,low,frequency,cycling,and,calendar,w,life,电池,to,研讨,ev,会,t.,电池循环寿命,70%,50%,4000,Data,presented,by,Christian,RosenkranzJohnson,Controls),at,EVS,20,2006,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,1,腾,务,ge,p-,en,co,m,杰,1,汽,会,车动,ww,力电,52%,.,p,o,t,e,g,池,讨,EV,-e,会,nt,om,Institute,of,New,Energy,Technology,INET,Tsinghua,University,$4,005,$2,865,$2,919,$3,002,$1,998,$1,992,$2,004,$2,020,$2,079,$2,407,$2,454,$2,433,$5,117,$8,433,$663,$-,$2,000,$4,000,$6,000,$10,000,$8,000,$14,000,$12,000,$18,000,$16,000,CV,HEV,PHEV20,PHEV40,transmission,engine,25%,电池占电动车成本比例,Projected,Retail,Powertrain,Costs,-,Midsize,Sedans,1),including,manufacturer,and,dealer,markups,2),all,component,costs,assume,projected,status,charger/plug,battery,40%,motor/inverter,1,腾,务,w,研,ve,20,60%,$663,.c,动力电池的使用寿命,杰,1,汽,20,会,车动,ww,力电,电池的成本占整个电动车成本的,2560%,。是一个,ge,池研,p-,讨会,非常重要的零部件。,en,车的使用寿命：,10-15,年,动力电池目前的使用寿命是,3-7,年，,LG,化学声称可,以有,10-15,年的寿命保证。,因此大幅度地延长动力锂离子电池的使用寿命，,使之达到与电动车的寿命相当，是目前动力锂离,子电池发展的关键问题。,需要动力电池使用寿命评测技术做支撑。,Institute,of,Ne