英语常见后缀小结.doc

suffixes-ment, -tion, -sion, -ion: be added to verbs to form nouns.Eg. manage-management,commit-commitment,appoint-appointment;inform-information,civilize-civilization,acquire-acquisition,explain-explanation,congratulate-congratulation, consider-consideration ,produce-production, educate-education, compose-compositiondecide-decision,confuse-confusion, impress-impression, depress-depression-able: be added to verbs to form adjectives meaning “able to be V+ed” , “worthy of being V+ed”, or “ that ought to be V+ed”Eg. Advise-adivisable; desire-desirable; favor-favorable; consider-considerable; remark-remarkable; prefer-preferable; drink-drinkable; accept-acceptable-er, -or: be added to a verb to form a noun which refers to the person who performs the action of the verbs. Sometimes a noun formed in this way refers to an object instead of a person.eg. sing-singer: one who sings; cook-cooker: a device used for cooking; teach-teacher; visit-visitor; ski-skier; report-reporter-ous: be added to nouns to form adjectives with the meaning “having much”, “full of” or “causing”Eg. Mountain-mountainous: having a lot of mountain; danger-dangerousjoy-joyous: full of joy-al: be added to nouns to form adjrctives with the meaning “related to” or “of”culture-cultural; tradition-traditional; tropic-tropical; music-musical; occasion-occasional; globe-global; nature-natural;-al; -ing; -age: be added to verbs to form nounsrefuse-refusal; arrive-arrival; remoove-removal;build-building; shop- shopping; end-ending; begin-beginningwaste-wastage; store-storage; marry-marriage, pass- passage-hood, -ship, -dom: be added to nouns or occasionally to adjectives to form abstract nounsEg. child- childhood, false-falsehood,boy- boyhood,adult- adulthood, brother- brotherhood, neighbor- neighborhood, lively- livelihood;friend-friendship, hard- hardship, leader-leadership, relation-relationship, citizen-citizenship, author-authorship, owner-ownership; king-kingdom, free-freedom, wise-wisedom-ness: be added to adjectives to form nouns with the meaning of “the quality” or “condition of being”.greatness, coldness, weakness, kindness, happiness, sadness, strangeness, illness, easiness, tiredness, darkness, laziness, nervousness, careless-en: be added to some adjectives and some nouns to form verbs with the meaning of “come to be” or “cause to be”.sharp+ensharpen: come or cause to be sharp(er)heighten, harden, weaken, broaden, lighten, -ance, -ence: be added to some verbs to form nouns meaning the act of doing something or something that is doneEg. allow-allowance, endure-endurance, appear-appearance, attend-attendance, hinder-hindrance, utter-utterance, maintain-maintenance, accept-acceptance, perform-performance, resist-resistancerefer-reference, prefer-preference, occur-occurrence, exist-existence-ic: be added to a noun to form an adjectiveorgan-organic, pessimist-pessimistic, energy-energetic, atom-atomic, hero-heroic, optimist-optimistic, economy-economic, history-historic-ity: be added to an adjective to form an abstract nounable-ability, capable-capability, curious-curiosity, public-publicity, responsible-responsibility, rapid-rapidity, mobile-mobility, complex-complexity-th: be added to verbs or adjectives to form nouns to show behavior, quality, state, situation, etc.steal- stealth, strong-strength, grow-growth, warm-warmth, deep-deepth, true-treth, long-length, broad-breadth, wide-width, die-death-ure: be added to verbs and adjectives to form nouns to show behavior, result of behavior, state, situation, etc.depart-departure: the act of leaving a placemoist-moisture: dampness, wetness, humidityMore examples: closure, failure, seizure, pressure, disclosure, exposure-eer: be added to nouns to form agent nouns-names of persons who are specially engaged in a certain kind of activity, work or occupation that is related to the noun.Eg. engine-engineer: a person who designs or builds machines, engines, roads, etc.More examples: mountain- mountaineer, profit- profiteer-ward: be added to nouns and adverbs to form adjectives and adverbs with the meaning of “towards”, “facing”, and “to”.upward: toward or in a higher place or conditiondownward, backward, southward, homeward, inward-ward(s): be added to nouns or prepositions to form adverbs with the meaning of “toward a particular direction or place” . home-homeward (s): toward (s) home ; outwards: towards the outside-an: be added to 1) the name of a place in order to form an adjective or noun that describes or refers to someone from that place, or 2) the name of a famous person in order to form an adjective or noun that describes or refers to something or someone that is connected with or typical of that persons work or the time at which they lived.America- American, Africa- African, Europe- European, Asia- Asian, Italy-Italian Shakespeare- Shakespearean, Victoria- Victorian, Elizabeth- Elizabethan, Hollywood- Hollywoodian -ify: be added to adjectives or nouns to form verbs that describe the process by which a state, quality, or condition is brought about.simplify: make something simplebeauty-beautify, pure-purify, just- justify, intense-intensify, terrible-terrify, glory-glorify, identity-identify, example-exemplify-ery/ry: be added to nouns or adjectives to form new nouns with the meaning of “a group or collection of” or “the state or character of”. It can also be added to verbs or nouns to form new nouns with the meaning of “a place where something happens or is made” or referring to an action.brave- bravery, machine- machinery, bake- bakery, rob- robbery, deliver- delivery, discover- discovery, nurse- nursery, scene- scenery, jewel- jewelry-ist: be added to nouns or adjectives to form new nouns with the meaning of “a person believing in practicing, concerned with, or doing the specified action”.Marx- Marxist: a person believing in Marxismviolin- violinist: a person who plays violinactive-activist, terror- terrorist, ideal- idealist, capital- capitalist, art- artist, novel- novelist, tour- tourist, biology-biologist-like: be added to nouns to form adjectives with the meaning of “being similar” or “resembling”.-ish: be added to nouns to form adjectives with the meaning of “of the nature of” or “resembling”.The two suffixes can also be added to adjectives to form new adjectives with the meaning of “having a small amount of the characteristics or quality” described by the original adjective.child- childlike, lady- ladylike, child- childish, fool- foolish-cy: be added to adjectives and occasionally to nouns to form nouns with the meaning of “the state or quality of being”. Note that the final “t” or “te” of adjectives is, in most cases, replaced by “cy”.pregnant-pregnancy: the state of being pregnant,accurate-accuracy: the quality of being accuratedependent-dependency, frequent-frequency, secret-secrecy, urgent-urgency, private-privacy, intimate-intimacy, fluent-fluency, consistent-consistency-ology and ics occur in nouns with the meaning of “the study or science of”.biology: the study of living things such as plants and animalsmethodology: a system of methods or principles for doing a particular thingphysics: the scientific study of physical objects and substances, and of natural forcespolitics: the study of political power and systems of governmenttechnology, psychology, economics, classicsee-: be added to some verbs to refer to the person to whom the action is being done.employ- employee: a person who is employedtrain- trainee: a person who is being trained to do a particular jobInterviewee, addressee, divorceeee-: can also be added to some verbs to form nouns to refer to someone who has performed a particular action.escape+-eeescapee: someone who has escaped from captivitydevote+-eedevotee: someone who is very enthusiastic about a subject or an activityRetiree-ance: be added to some verbs to form nouns which refer to the action, process, or state indicated be the verbs.attend attendance, endure endurance, accept acceptance, relyrelianceadmitadmittance, defydefiance, observeobservance, toleratetolerance-ful: be added to nouns to form adjectives with the meaning of “full of” , “giving” , “having” .use-useful, delight-delightful, hope-hopeful, help-helpful, success-successful, beauty-beautiful, harm-harmful, doubt-doubtful,-less: be added to nouns to form adjectives with the meaning of “without”, “not giving” .child-childless, doubt-doubtless, care-careless, speech- speechless, harm-harmless, rest- restless-ze(-ise): be added to adjectives or nouns to form verbs with the meaning of “causing” , “making”morden- mordenize (mordenise), apology-apologize(apologise), real-realize, social-socialize, normal-normalize, national-nationalize, organ-organize-ly: be added to adjectives to form adverbs with the meaning of “in a manner” .happy-happily: in a happy manner , strange-strangely: in a strange manner, sad-sadly, original-originallySome suffixes of : “-ly” are used to form adjectives:friend-friendly, dead-deadly, cost-costly, week-weekly, world-worldly, man-manly, order-orderly, sick-sickly, earth-earthly, -ive: form adjectivesact-active, attract- attractive, protect- protective, progreess- progreessive, -ary: form adjectiveselement-ary, second- secondary, custom- customary, moment- momentary, -some: form adjectives with the meaning of “ producing; likely to”; Fearsome 可怕的 quarrelsome 爱吵架的 wholesome ， wearisome， troublesome， lonesome 16