前置与倒装.doc

前置与倒装

把在正常词序中通常较晚出现的成分移至句首,使之处于突出的位置,从而受到特殊强调,这种语法手段叫做前置(Fronting)。使用前置手段表示强调，有时不必改变词序，有时则引起倒装（Inversion）。
1．不引起倒装的前置
不引起倒装的前置成分通常是宾语、主语补语和宾语补语。例如：
A horrible mess you’ve made of it.
Books, he had treasured from the earliest period of his life.
Very strange it seemed.
I knew you were careless, but dishonest I never thought you.
这些成分的前置通常是为了强调或使上下文紧密衔接，有时也为了意义的对比和结构的对称。例如：
John he gave nothing, but George he gave 10 shillings.
Fool David may be, but thief he is not.
2． 引起倒装的前置
当主语补语前置时，如果主语较长或主语结构比较复杂，这种主语补语的前置就会引起倒装。例如：
More serious was the question of how the President would present the joint announcement(联合声明).
Happy indeed are those who receive marvelous news after a long silence.
当前置宾语由“not a +名词”或“not a single + 名词”构成时，也会引起倒装。例如：
I went to the party last night, but how boring I felt! Not a single man did I know.
最通常引起倒装的是某些状语的前置。这里有两种情况：一种是全部倒装（Full Inversion），另一种是局部倒装(Partial Inversion)。前者是整个谓语置于主语之前，后者仅是操作词（操作词通常指动词词组中的助动词或第一个助动词）置于主语之前。引起倒装的前置状语大体有下列几种情况：
1） 当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动态动词时，通常用全部倒装。例如：
There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.
The door burst open and in rushed the crowd.
Bang! Bang Bang! Came three reports of firecrackers(烟花) and Philip suddenly felt his body become light.
如果主语是代词，那就不用倒装：
Lower and lower he bent.
2） 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也会引起全部倒装。例如：
In this chapter will be found the place where Michael Scofield might flee.
From the valley came a tinkling sound.
3) 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装。例如：
Never have I found him in such a good mood.
Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang.
Because he had overslept, scarcely did he have time to dress.
Rarely do I get invited into his office alone.
4)句首状语若由“only+介词词组”、“only+状语分句”构成，也可引起局部倒装。例如：
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.
Only because there were some cancelled booking did he get some tickets in the end.
以关联词not only (but also) 开头的句子或分句，也引起局部倒装。例如：
Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.
5）以关联词so(…that) 开头的句子，通常引起局部倒装。在这种结构中，“so+形容词”是主语补语的前置；“so+副词”是状语的前置。例如：
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus(奖金).
So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.
6）当方式状语、频度状语等移至句首时，有时也引起局部倒装。例如：
Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so.
Many a time has Mike given me good advice.
如果主语较长，也可全部倒装。例如：
Thus began an intricate minuet(小步舞)between us and the Chinese.
当然，方式状语等移至句首，也可以不用倒装。例如：
Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat.