新目标大学英语综合教程4.doc

Unit 1
研究表明：在两性及众多文化中，长相好的人，特别是从青春期开始，往往被评价为具有出色的性格特质的人。
事情为何如此？有些人觉得，由于遇见外表迷人者和品德优良者都令人愉快，我们会不假思索地把这二者混为一谈。
但是，这一说法似乎并不客观。西安大略大学 (University of Western Ontario) 的桑波·保诺宁(Sampo Paunonen) 博士的研究发现，被形容为较诚实的人也会被认为更讨人喜欢，而越讨人喜欢的人，外貌也就更具吸引力。

Research has shown that in both sexes and across numerous cultures, especially from adolescence, good-looking people are often evaluated to be ones with exceptional personality traits.
Why should this be so? Some people have perceived that since it is pleasurable to meet someone with attractive physical appearance and someone with good moral character, we automatically mix them up. 
But this statement does not seem to be objective. The studies by Dr. Sampo Paunonen of the University of Western Ontario reveal that people who were described as being more honest were rated as more likable, and the more likable, the more physically attractive.

Unit 2
1960年简·古多尔开始了她在坦桑尼亚的贡贝溪国家公园对黑猩猩社群的研究。由于没有专业的训练来指导其研究，古多尔观察到了可能会被严格的科学教条(doctrine)所忽视的东西。
她没有给进入观察的黑猩猩编号，而是给他们取名，如菲菲和灰胡子大卫，并发现他们具有独特的个性。古多尔在贡贝溪的研究在科学界最为人称道的是，她的发现打破了当时人们长期存在的两个信念：只有人类才会制造和使用工具，以及黑猩猩是素食者。

Jane Goodall began studying the chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. Without professional training to direct her research, Goodall observed things that strict scientific doctrines may have overlooked.
Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard, and found they had unique and individual personalities. Goodall’s research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could make and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.

Unit 3
天坛 (The Temple of Heaven) 是明、清两代皇帝“祭天”(offer sacrifices to the heaven)、“祈谷”(pray for good harvest) 的场所。坛域北呈圆形，南为方形，寓意“天圆地方”。四周环筑坛墙两道，把全坛分为内坛 (the Inner Altar)、外坛两部分，总面积273公顷，主要建筑集中于内坛。
内坛以墙分为南北两部。北为“祈谷坛”(the Altar of Praying for Bumper Crops)，用于春季祈祷丰年，中心建筑是祈年殿 (the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests)。南为“圜丘坛”(the Circular Mound Altar)，专门用于“冬至”(winter solstice)日祭天 (worship Heaven)，中心建筑是一巨大的圆形石台，名“圜丘”(the Circular Mound)。
天坛集明、清建筑技艺之大成，是中国古建珍品，是世界上最大的祭天建筑群。1998年被联合国教科文组织确认为“世界文化遗产”。

The Temple of Heaven was the venue for emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties to offer sacrifices to the heaven and pray for good harvest. It is round in the north and square in the south, implying "round heaven and square earth". Covering an area of 273 hectares, it is divided by two enclosed walls into the Inner Altar and the Outer Altar. Principal buildings congregate within the Inner Altar.
The Inner Altar is also partitioned by a wall into two groups of buildings. The north structure is the Altar of Praying for Bumper Crops with the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests as the principal building used to pray in spring for a bumper harvest in the year. The south structure is the Circular Mound Altar used to worship Heaven at the winter solstice where the principal construction is a large round marble terrace named the Circular Mound.
A masterpiece of the Ming and Qing architectural art and a precious example of China's ancient architecture, The Temple of Heaven is the largest architectural group for worshipping Heaven in the world. In 1998, it was recognized by the UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage.

Unit 4
印刷术是中国古代四大发明之一，始于隋朝的雕版印刷。经宋仁宗（Emperor Renzong in Song Dynasty）时的毕昇发展、完善，产生了活字印刷，并由蒙古人传至了欧洲，所以后人称毕昇为印刷术的始祖。
中国的印刷术是人类近代文明的先导，为知识的广泛传播、交流创造了条件。印刷术先后传到朝鲜、日本、中亚、西亚和欧洲。1450年前后，德国的古腾堡（Gutenberg）受中国活字印刷的影响，用合金制成了拼音文字的活字，用来印刷书籍。古腾堡使用活字印刷，比毕昇使用活字印刷已经晚了四百多年。

As one of the four great inventions of ancient China, typography which began from the woodblock printing in Sui Dynasty evolved into a movable-type one after Bi Sheng’s development and improvement in the reign of Emperor Renzong in Song Dynasty. After that, it was introduced into Europe by the Mongolians, so Bi Sheng was regarded as the pioneer of typography.
Chinese typography, which created possibility for the wide dissemination and exchange of knowledge, is the forerunner of modern human civilization. It has been introduced to North Korea, Japan, Central Asia, West Asia and Europe. Around 1450, Gutenberg, a German, who was influenced by the Chinese movable-type printing, invented movable alloy types for alphabets and used them in printing books. Therefore, Gutenberg’s use of movable-type printing was over 400 years behind Bi Sheng’s use.

Unit 5
绿色能源对于建设可持续发展型社会至关重要，不仅仅因为它能提供诸多就业机会，更在于它能为投身于该领域的学生提供大量激发创造性的机会。据国家能源部(National Energy Administration)七月份预计，截止到2020年，新能源产业将创造1.5亿个就业岗位。
2007年《京东议定书》(Kyoto Protocol)发起建立清洁能源发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism)的新方案，旨在帮助发展中国家实现减排目标。一些公司可以由此获取新能源项目资金。
Green energy is crucial to building a sustainable society. Not only are there jobs in the field, but involvement in the industry provides plenty of opportunities for students in this field to be creative. According to the estimate of the National Energy Administration in July, the new energy sector is set to create 150 million jobs by 2020.
The Clean Development Mechanism, a new set out in the Kyoto Protocol in 2007, aims at helping developing countries to fulfill their emission reduction goals and will enable some companies to find financing for new energy projects.