分词8种用法及独立主格结构.doc

A brief summary of the principal uses of the -ing & –ed participles, and of the –ing & –ed phrases
◇ -ing or –ed participles, and –ing or –ed phrases function differently in different sentences.
1) As a noun modifier
He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval.
eg. What an amusing a story he has told us!
Please throw away the broken bottle.

2) As the subject complement
eg. The news of his success on the match was exciting to everyone.
He looked disappointed as he had to work under a woman.

3) As the subject complement
While I was waiting to enter university, I saw a teaching post advertised in a local newspaper.
eg. The long journey to Croydon made him tired.
The headmaster did not keep the young man waiting.

4) As a relative clause equivalent
Three days later a letter arrived, asking me to go to Croydon for a interview.
The school consisted of one class of 25 boys, ranging (who ranged ) in age from 7 to 13.
eg. There were a lot of boys playing (who were playing) cricket in the park.

5) As an adverbial denoting cause or reason
Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied.
eg. Not knowing her way home, the little girl burst out crying.
Totally exhausted by the journey, the boy fell asleep at once.

6) As an adverbial denoting accompanying circumstances
I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chance of getting the job were slim.
Fixing me suddenly with his bloodshot eyes, he asked me whether I thought games were a vital part of a boy’s education.
eg. He wrote to me, telling me about his new job.

7) As an adverbial denoting time
eg. Seeing those pictures, he recalled his school days.
Seen from the distance, the house looked beautiful.

8) As an adverbial denoting condition
eg. Given (If we are given)more time, we can do it better.
United we stand, divided we fall.

分词短语独立主格构成及用法

☆ He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age.
(主句， + 分词的逻辑主语 + 分词短语 + 主谓结构)

由于分词所表示的动作不是主句的主语所发出的，因此该分词有自己的逻辑主语。另外，在英语写作中不能用逗号连接两个完整的独立句，否则叫“Comma Fault”（病句）。如果两个句子用逗号连接，那么其中次要的句子要变成“分词独立结构”。

1. 分词短语作状语时，它本身没有主语，主句的主语就是它逻辑上的主语。
eg. Hearing the sad news, she burst into tears.

2. 如果主句中的主语不能成为分词短语的逻辑主语时，这一分词短语就成了垂悬或荡空结构。
eg. Walking through the park, a lovely show of roes was seen.
(Subject)
All the guests having arrived, the meeting was declared.
Greetings being over, they got down to business.
This done, he locked the door and went to bed.

3. 有时候分词也可以有自己的独立主语，这种主语加分词短语的模式就是独立主格结构。
主语 + 分词短语 ， + 主谓结构。
A B
（A 和B中的主语不同）
独立主格结构和分词短语一样，可以用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况等，有时也可用作同位语。