Lesson-6-Mark-Twain-Mirror-of-America.ppt

magazine.Main works:Wide Lands for Wildlife:Americas National Refuges(1984)Birds of North America(1996)The National Geographic MagazineThe National Geographic Magazine美国国家地理杂志美国国家地理杂志美国国家地理杂志美国国家地理杂志A monthly journal run by the National Geographic Society based in Washington DC(1888),a non-profit scientific and educational organization.其封面上的亮黄色边框以及月桂纹图样已经成为象征，同时这些标识也是国家地理杂志的注册商标。杂志的内容为高质量的关于社会、历史、世界各地的风土人情的文章特色：经常提供高质量地图；印刷和图片的质量也经常为人称道；Some Geographical namesThe Mississippi River世界第四长河，也是北美洲流程最长、流域面积最广、水量最大的河流，是美国最长的河流。位于北美洲中南部，干流发源于苏必利尔湖（Lake Superior)的西侧，河口为墨西哥湾，注入大西洋，南北纵贯美国，流域面积占美国本土41%Father of Waters 众何之父Old Mans River 老人河The Sacramento Valley(萨克拉门托山谷)位于萨克拉门托河流之上，美国加利福尼亚州中部1839年，从瑞士来的John Sutton 在此建立殖民地1848年，当地发现黄金，城市迅速发展；1854年定为州府；1863年设市；今天也是加州在人口上的第五大城The Holy LandThe countries in the Middle East where the storied in the Bibles are based,and where Christians believe that Jesus Christ lived基督教圣地：耶路撒冷、梵蒂冈、圣地亚哥Some Major EventsWestward Movement 西进运动When America became independent,there were only 13 states along the Atlantic Ocean in the east.By 1850,the United States had expanded to the Pacific coast on the west.美国西进运动，是指在北美殖民地时期开始的向西移民的活动和对西部的开发，同时也是美国文化本土化的发展历程，始于18世纪末，终于19世纪末20世纪初。运动虽然促进了美国经济的发展，但是，随着西进运动的进行，大批印第安人遭到屠杀，幸存者被强行赶到更为荒凉的“保留地”，消灭了众多的印第安文化。The California Gold Rush（18481859）The Gold Rush was one of the most significant events in California history.It brought people from all over the United States and the world in search for gold.The American Civil War（18611865）This war was fought between the Federal States(or the Union联邦政府邦政府)and the Confederacy(美国南部美国南部联盟）盟）which seceded from the U.S.in opposition to the proposed abolition of slavery.The southern states were defeated.导火线：1860，林肯当选为美国第16任总统矛盾焦点：奴隶制的废除问题转折点：1862.5 林肯政府颁布宅地法(the homestead Act)1863.1.1 林肯颁布的解放黑人奴隶宣言(the Emancipation Proclamation)生效 1863.7.1 北方取得葛底斯堡大捷(Battle of Gettysburg)Some Books MentionedInnocents Abroad(1869)傻瓜出国傻瓜出国记The book version of his travel sketches 傻子出国记为通讯集，是一篇旅欧报道。写天真无知的美国人在欧洲的旅游见闻，滑稽、诙谐，表现出美国人在欧洲封建社会及其印记面前的优越感,被马克吐温称为“很适合在船上看的书”。从法国马赛到最终圣地，该书记录了他在征途上遇见的文化和社会各方面的意见和批评，并将语气转为更加机智和幽默。一旦到了圣地，他的语气再次转移，又以轻松愉快的喜剧相结合。Gilded Age（1873）镀金时代马克吐温的第一部长篇小说，通过对一位企业家兼政客的描写，揭露了西部投机家、东部企业家和政府官吏三位一体掠夺国家和人民财富的黑幕。“闪光”所掩盖的其实是种种丑陋不堪的社会现实。所谓“黄金时代”，只不过是个内里虚空，矛盾重重的“镀金时代”。从此，人们用这个词来形容，从南北战争结束到20世纪初的那一段美国历史。He wrote it with his friend,Charles Dudley Warner.The title refers to the decades following the Civil War.This book satirizes the selfishness and money-making schemes that were common during that time.The Mysterious Stranger(1916)神秘的陌生人神秘的陌生人小说描述奥地利乡下的三个少年，有一天在突然出现的美少年的唆使下，进入了光怪陆离的世界。美少年自称名叫撒旦。作品中所描绘的人物，全都悲惨、绝望而暗淡，但笼罩在人物身上的飘渺空想以及一个接一个出现的神秘事件和难以言说的奇幻场景，使得这部作品读起来完全没有沉闷、阴郁之感。另外，在作品接近结尾时，马克吐温所提出的激进反战论，连同对基督教文明的不信任和诅咒。这是马克吐温七十岁时写的最后一本书，作者笔下的那个奥地利村庄总是隐隐透出他的老家密苏里州汉尼巴尔镇的影子，印刷所里的故事更是作者青少年时代当印刷徒工那段经历。作者在这部作品中大量地采用了暗喻和荒诞的手法，想象玄怪。The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876)汤姆汤姆索亚历险记索亚历险记小说的故事发生在19世纪上半世纪美国密西西比河畔的一个普通小镇上。主人公汤姆索亚天真活泼、敢于探险、追求自由，不堪忍受束缚个性、枯燥乏味的生活，幻想干一番英雄事业。小说的时代在南北战争前，写的虽是圣彼得堡小镇，但该镇某种程度上可以说是当时美国社会的缩影。小说通过主人公的冒险经历，对美国虚伪庸俗的社会习俗、伪善的宗教仪式和刻板陈腐的学校教育进行了讽刺和批判，以欢快的笔调描写了少年儿童自由活泼的心灵。汤姆索亚历险记以其浓厚的深具地方特色的幽默和对人物敏锐观察，一跃成为最伟大的儿童文学作品，也是一首美国“黄金时代”的田园牧歌。这是作者小说中自传性最强的作品。The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利哈克贝利费恩历险记费恩历险记哈克贝利是一个聪明、善良、勇敢的白人少年。他为了追求自由的生活，逃亡到密西西比河上。在逃亡途中，他遇到了黑奴吉姆。吉姆是一个勤劳朴实、热情诚实、忠心耿耿的黑奴他为了逃脱被主人再次卖掉的命运，从主人家中出逃。两个人历经种种奇遇。这部小说从思想到技巧都有许多创新。小说赞扬了男孩哈克贝利的机智和善良，谴责了宗教的虚伪和信徒的愚昧，同时，塑造了一位富有尊严的黑奴形象。它是马克吐温作品精选中最杰出的一部。海明威曾评价道：“整个现代美国文学都来源于马克吐温的著作哈克贝里费恩历险记，这是我们最优秀的一部书，此后还没有哪本书能和它匹敌。”The Content Mark Twain:Samuel Langhorne Clemens(1835-1910).two fathoms deep.The cry heard in Clemens Steamboat days,signaling two fathoms(12 feet)of water,a navigable depth.Mirror of America:Mirror of America:Metaphor.A mirror reflects or reveals the truth of something or somebody.Here it means a faithful representation or description of the country.Title of the textMark Twain Mirror of America Mark Twain Mirror of AmericaMark Twain Mirror of AmericaPart I(Para.1):It serves as an introductionPart I(Para.1):It serves as an introduction of the whole text.of the whole text.Part II(Para2-18):It provides his early life,Part II(Para2-18):It provides his early life,his success and comments on his works.his success and comments on his works.Part III(Para.19-21):It devotes to his Part III(Para.19-21):It devotes to his personal tragedy and conclusion.personal tragedy and conclusion.Life of Mark Twain:Life of Mark Twain:-Mark Twain:-Mark Twain:the pen name of the pen name of Samuel Langhorne ClemensSamuel Langhorne Clemens,Americas most famous Americas most famous writer/humorist/writer/humorist/lecturer lecturer-Born:-Born:30 November 1835,30 November 1835,the third son and sixth the third son and sixth child of a storekeeper(and at times also a child of a storekeeper(and at times also a lawyer).lawyer)Birthplace:-Birthplace:Florida,Missouri Florida,Missouri-Died:-Died:21 April 1910(heart failure)21 April 1910(heart failure)-Best Known as:-Best Known as:the author of the author of Tom SawyerTom Sawyer and and Huckleberry Huckleberry Finn Finn A.BoyhoodHe was born in the small village of Florida,Missouri on Nov.30,1835.As Father s business failed,the family had to move to Hannibal when Samuel was 4,where he spent his boyhood,enchanted by the romance and awed by the violence of river life and also the human flotsam washed up by the river.B.Early lifeB.Early life Sam had relatively little schooling.After his father Sam had relatively little schooling.After his father s death,s death,he had to help the family by taking up odd jobs.he had to help the family by taking up odd jobs.He left school at 13 and became a full-time apprentice to a He left school at 13 and became a full-time apprentice to a printer.At 18,he became a tramp printer.printer.At 18,he became a tramp printer.-A-A tramp printertramp printer was a wandering craftsman and a master was a wandering craftsman and a master of the art of printingof the art of printing who traveled about the world in search of who traveled about the world in search of work.work.-Tramp(traveling)printers were a tradition on newspapers and print shops around the United States and Canada for three centuries-In the latter half of the 20th century,their skills were no longer-In the latter half of the 20th century,their skills were no longer needed.Printers were replaced by computersneeded.Printers were replaced by computers-In 1857,setting out to make his fortune in South America,along the Amazon（亚马逊河）河）.-Instead,traveling down the Mississippi River,he became a steamboat river pilot pilot until the Civil War interrupted traffic.Confederate GuerrillaConfederate GuerrillaThe Union and the ConfederacyThe Union and the ConfederacyDuration:Duration:1861-651861-65 Cause:Cause:slavery slavery Injury:Injury:about about 620,000 deaths out of a 620,000 deaths out of a total of 2.4 million total of 2.4 million soldiers.soldiers.Cost:Cost:The South was The South was devastated.devastated.Result:Result:The Union was The Union was preserved,and slavery preserved,and slavery was abolished.was abolished.-In 1861 Mark Twain traveled to Nevada,where he-In 1861 Mark Twain traveled to Nevada,where he speculatedspeculated（做投机买卖）（做投机买卖）carelessly in timber and silver carelessly in timber and silver mining and failed in these get-rich-quick schemes in the mining and failed in these get-rich-quick schemes in the following year.following year.-In 1862 Twain began writing for the Virginia City-In 1862 Twain began writing for the Virginia City ExaminerExaminer and later was a newspaperman in San and later was a newspaperman in San Francisco.Francisco.-adopted the pen name of Mark Twain,a river mans-adopted the pen name of Mark Twain,a river mans term for water that was safe,but only just safe,for term for water that was safe,but only just safe,for navigation.navigation.During his seventeen years in Hartford(18741891)and over twenty summers at Quarry Farm,Twain wrote many of his classic novels：The Prince and the Pauper(1881)王子与王子与贫儿儿Life on the Mississippi(1883)密西西比河上的生活密西西比河上的生活 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court(1889)误闯亚瑟王瑟王宫On February 2,1870,Twain married Olivia Langdon,the only daughter of a wealthy New York businessman.Pictures from www.pbs.orgTwains greatest fame and his importance in American literature rest largely on his two best known novels,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆姆索索亚历险记 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克哈克费恩恩历险记 By 1900 Twain had become Americas foremost celebrity.He was invited to attend anniversary gatherings,political conventions,and countless dinners.Reporters met him at every port of call,anxious to print a new quip from the famous humorist.Pictures from www.pbs.org-Unsuccessful Businessman:invested largely on a new type-setting machine,bankrupt-Successful Lecturer:a lecturing tour abroad to pay off the debts,but ruined his health-Deaths of his son,daughters and wife.Mark Twain died of illness on April 21,1910.When Mark Twain died of illness on April 21,1910.When he passed away,newspapers around the country he passed away,newspapers around the country declared,“The whole world is mourning.”declared,“The whole world is mourning.”Wordscynical(Para.1 Line6)adj.愤世嫉俗的；冷嘲的愤世嫉俗的；冷嘲的【词组】【词组】be cynical about (对事情的成功对事情的成功或人的诚信或人的诚信)怀疑的怀疑的词根：词根：cynicadj.cynic 犬儒学派的犬儒学派的adv.cynically 爱嘲笑地；冷笑地爱嘲笑地；冷笑地n.cynicism 玩世不恭，愤世嫉俗；犬儒主义；玩世不恭，愤世嫉俗；犬儒主义；冷嘲热讽冷嘲热讽cynic 愤世嫉俗者；犬儒学派的人愤世嫉俗者；犬儒学派的人attest(Para.2 Line17)vt.证明；证实；为证明；证实；为作证；作证；使宣誓，使发誓使宣誓，使发誓vi.证明；作证证明；作证Police records attest to his long history of violence.警方记录证明他有长期的暴力史。警方记录证明他有长期的暴力史。词根：词根：attestadj.attested 证明无病的；经检验证明无病的；证明无病的；经检验证明无病的；经检验证明无菌的经检验证明无菌的n.attestation 证明；证据；证实；宣誓证明；证据；证实；宣誓attestator 证明者；证人证明者；证人attester 证明者；契据等的连属人证明者；契据等的连属人attestor 证人；证明者；连属人证人；证明者；连属人feud(Para.4 Line29)n.积怨；不和；争积怨；不和；争执；封地执；封地a family feud（家（家族世仇）族世仇）a tribal feud（部（部落争端）落争端）sink a feud（摈弃（摈弃旧怨）旧怨）vi.长期不和；长期长期不和；长期争斗争斗【词组】【词组】at feud with与与有仇，与有仇，与不不和和词根：feudadj.feudal 封建制度的；领地的；世仇 feudatory 封臣的；封地的adv.feudally 如封建地n.feudalism 封建主义；封建制度 feudatory 封臣；封地vt.feudalize 使形成封建制度；使封建化piracy(Para.4 Line29)parsn.海盗行为海盗行为；剽窃；著作权侵害；非法翻印；剽窃；著作权侵害；非法翻印词根：词根：pirateadj.piratical 海盗的；非法翻印的，盗版的海盗的；非法翻印的，盗版的n.pirate 海盗；盗版；侵犯专利权者海盗；盗版；侵犯专利权者vi.pirate 做海盗从事劫掠做海盗；从事劫掠vt.pirate 掠夺；翻印；剽窃掠夺；翻印；剽窃lynch(Para.4 Line29)l n(t)n.私刑；私刑处死；（英）田埂私刑；私刑处死；（英）田埂vt.处以私刑；以私刑处死处以私刑；以私刑处死thug(Para.4 Line30)gn.暴徒；恶棍；刺客motley(Para.6 Line45)m tl adj.杂色的；混杂的；五颜六色的n.混杂；杂色衣服；小丑succumb(Para.6 Line45)s k mvi.(向诱惑、压力向诱惑、压力)屈服；死；被压垮屈服；死；被压垮【词组】【词组】succumb to 屈服于屈服于;死于死于;屈屈从从;屈从于屈从于 I was determined not to succumb to the virus.我坚决不向病毒屈服。我坚决不向病毒屈服。Malnourished children are more likely to succumb to infections.营养不良的儿营养不良的儿童更有可能死于感染童更有可能死于感染.flirt(Para.7 Line51)fltvi.跟跟调情；玩弄；轻率地对待；摆动调情；玩弄；轻率地对待；摆动vt.挥动；忽然弹出挥动；忽然弹出n.急扔；喜欢调情的人；卖弄风骚的人急扔；喜欢调情的人；卖弄风骚的人【词组】【词组】flirt with同同调情；不认真地考调情不认真地考虑；有虑；有的想法的想法(但是无行动但是无行动)词根：词根：flirtadj.flirtatious 轻浮的；调情的；爱调戏轻浮的；调情的；爱调戏的的n.flirtation 调情；调戏；挑逗；不认真的调情；调戏；挑逗；不认真的考虑考虑colossal(Para.7 Line51)k l s()ladj.巨大的；巨大的；异常的，非常的异常的，非常的The singer earns a colossal amount of money.那歌手现在可赚大钱了。那歌手现在可赚大钱了。hotbed(Para.8 Line61)n.滋长地，温床(多指坏事、暴力等的发源地)The area was a hotbed of crime.这个地区是犯罪活动的温床。revere(Para.13 Line98)r vvt.敬畏；尊敬；崇敬关于关于“崇敬崇敬”revere,adore,reverence,venerate,worship 均有崇敬或者崇拜之义，它们均有崇敬或者崇拜之义，它们的区别在于各自所指对象以及所包含的情的区别在于各自所指对象以及所包含的情感和行为。感和行为。revere：指对人或物以及它们的成就和品质表示崇敬；adore：意为把当做神或神圣的东西来崇拜、信奉，一般指个人行为；reverence：意为人们对值得尊重、爱戴或不可违反的事物尊敬、崇敬，其对象很少指人；venerate：意为对因其品质或年纪而被视为神圣不容亵渎的人或事物敬重、崇敬；worship：意为通过祈祷或仪式对上帝、神或被神化的东西表示敬意、崇敬，即敬奉、敬拜，一般指群体活动，如上教堂等（广义上指过分尊崇、崇拜）。deplore(Para.18 Line129)vt.谴责；悲悼；哀叹；对谴责；悲悼；哀叹；对深感遗憾深感遗憾l mentn.挽歌；恸哭；悲痛之情；悼诗;悼歌;哀乐vi.哀悼；悲叹；悔恨vt.哀悼；痛惜；感到悲痛;感到遗憾;感到失望【词组】lament over哀悼；为而悲痛lament(Para.22 Line155)robust(Para.19 Line132)r()b stadj.强健的；健康的；粗野的；粗鲁的；强健的；健康的；粗野的；粗鲁的；强强有力的有力的(观点、见解观点、见解)meningitis(Para.20 Line139),men nd a t sn.脑膜炎脑膜炎是一种娇嫩的脑膜或脑脊膜（头骨与大脑之间的一层膜）被感染的疾病。此病通常伴有细菌或病毒感染身体任何一部分的并发症，比如耳部、窦或上呼吸道感染。细菌型脑膜炎是一种特别严重的疾病需及时治疗。如果治疗不及时，可能会在数小时内死亡或造成永久性的脑损伤。病毒型脑膜炎则比较严重但大多数人能完全恢复，少数遗留后遗症。Rhetorical DeviceMetaphor Mark Twain-Mirror of America saw clearly ahead a black wall of night(L.8.)main artery of transportation in the young nations heart(L.20.)All would resurface in his books.that he soaked up.phonographic.(L.30.)Hyperbole.cruise through eternal boyhood and.endless summer of freedom.(L.2.)The cast of characters-a cosmos.(L.27.)Personificationlife dealt him profound personal tragedies.(L.7.)the river had acquainted him with.(L.40.).to literatures enduring gratitude.(L.54.)Bitterness fed on the man.(L.142.)Antithesis.between what people claim to be and what they really are.(L.36.).took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.(L.99.).a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever(L.155.)Euphemism.mens final release from earthly struggle(L.151.)Alliteration.the slow,sleepy,sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home(L.69.).with a dash and daring.(L.72.).a recklessness of cost or consequences.(L.73.)Metonymy.his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe(L.58.)SynecdocheKeelboats,.carried the first major commerce.(L.21.)SentencesHis descriptions of the rough-country settlers there His descriptions of the rough-country settlers there ring familiarly in modern world accustomed to ring familiarly in modern world accustomed to trend setting on the West Coast.(Line.66)trend setting on the West Coast.(Line.66)His descriptions of those adventurers in the west produce a familiar impression on the people of the West Coast in modern world who are used to leading the fashions.他对那儿的拓荒者们的描写使西海岸地区富有创新精神的现代人倍感亲切。Scattered among notations about the weather and the tedious mining-camp meals lies an entry noting a story he had heard that day(Line.77)an entry noting a story he had heard that day lies among the scattered notations about the weather and the tedious mining-camp meals.在杂乱无章的有关天气情况和乏味无趣的有关矿区饭食情况的记录条目中夹着一条叙述当天听到的一则故事的记录用于表示地点的介词词组置于句首，谓语动词是表示“存在”的动词如：be,lie,stand,exist等时，也要用完全倒装。例如：On the top of the hill stands a temple.山顶上有座寺庙。On the ground are piles of old books。地上是成堆的旧书。West of Beijing lies a large collection of old buildings.北京的西部有一大群古建筑。In the middles of the forest lies a deep lake.在森林的中间有一个很深的湖。On the river,and especially with Huck Finn,Twain found the ultimate expression of escape from the pace he lived by and often deplored,from lifes regularities and the energy-sapping clamor for success.(Line.127)deplore:feel or express sorrow and usu.severe disapproval of;lament,grieve for 悲叹，痛惜；强烈反对，谴责live by:behave according to the rules of 按照的规律生活lifes regularities:lifes regular activitiesenergy-sapping sap:gradually weaken sb/sth by taking away I was sapped by months of hospital treatment.Shes been sapped of her optimism.Stop sapping her confidence!energy-sapping:energy-consuming clamour:a continuous strong demand or complaint The government has made a decision in defiance of