1、句子成分及基本句型 一、 考点、热点回顾 【句子的成分】 在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。 (一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如: (1)Lucy is a beautiful nurse. (名词作主语) (2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主语) (3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)
2、 (4)To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.(不定式作主语) (5)What we should do is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语) (二)谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如:His parents are teachers. (系动词和表语一起作谓语) We study hard. (行为动词作谓语) We don’t finish
3、reading the book. (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语) He can speak English. (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语) (三)宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now.(名词作宾语) She says(that)she is ill.(宾语从句作动词宾语) We often help him.(代词作宾语) He likes to play bas
4、ketball.(不定式作宾语) We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语) 说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。 说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有
5、的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give, show(给……看),bring, pass, buy等。如:(1)Our teacher tells us a story. (2)The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。 间接宾语前加“to”的有: give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, p
6、romise(答应), refuse(拒绝)等。 间接宾语加“for”的有: make, buy, do, get, play, order(命令), sing, pay等 (1)I give him a book. 改成: (2)He passes me the book.(他将书递给我。) 改成: (3)He writes me a letter. 改成: (4)He will buy
7、 me some books. 改成: (5)She is making me a cake. 改成: (四)宾语补足语 在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 如:They make her happy.(形容词) I see her dance.(不定式) We’ll help you
8、to make the Olympics a success.(名词) Please let him in.(副词) We heard her singing a song.(分词短语) (五)表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 如:I am a teacher.(名词) He is always happy.(形容词) They are on the playground now.(介词短语)
9、 It gets cold.(形容词) Be动词(am,is,are, was, were) 系动词 表保持(keep, stay, remain) 表改变(get, become, turn) 感官动词(feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来)) 如:It sounds interesting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语) We should all remain careful. Remain(为系动词, careful为表语)
10、 (六)定语 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 如:The black bike is mine.(形容词) What’s your name?(代词) They make paper flowers.(名词) 说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing, anything, everything, something等时,定语在不定代词后面。 如:I tell him somethi
11、ng interesting. (形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语) He has something to do. (to do为不定式作后置定语) 说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。 如:The boys in the room are in Class Four. (in the room是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。) (七)状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词
12、的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。 如:He did it carefully.(副词)We often help him.(副词) Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.(介词短语) When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.(从句作时间状语) He sits there.(副词地点状语) 【简单句的五种基本句型】 A. 主语+不及物动词(主谓) 如:The sun r
13、ises. 太阳升起来。 The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。 rise和stop都是不及物动词,因此后边不必加宾语。 B. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾) 如:I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book. C. 主语+系动词+表语(主系表) 如:Her brother is a driver. We feel happy.(feel为系动词,表示感到……)
14、 It gets dark.天黑了。(get为系动词,表示变得) Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。(look为系动词,表示看上去,看起来) D. 主语+及物动词+双宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)(主谓+直宾+间宾) 如:He gives Tom a present.(双宾语) 他给汤姆一件礼物。 Mother make a new dress for me.(双宾语) 妈妈为我做了一件衣服。 E. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补) 如:They ca
15、ll her Mary. 他们叫她Mary。 We make our classroom clean and tidy. 我们使我们的教室干净而整齐。 He always makes us laugh. 他总使我们笑。 二、 典型例题 三、 课后练习 (一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ① My brother doesn't do his homework. A B C D ② People all over the world speak English. A B C
16、 D ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D ④ How many new words do you learn ? A B C D ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? A B C D (二
17、) 挑出下列句中的表语 ① The old man is feeling very tired. A B C D ② Why is he worried about Jim? A B C D ③ The leaves have turned yellow. A B C D ④ Soon They all become interested in the subject. A B C D ⑤ She is the first to le
18、arn about it. A B C D (三) 挑出下列句中的定语 ① They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D ② What is your given name? A B C D ③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B C D ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor
19、 A B C D ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. A B C D (四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B C D ② He asks her to take the boy out of school.
20、 A B C D ③ She find it difficult to do the work. A B C D ④ They call me Lily sometimes. A B C D ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. A B C D (五) 挑出下列句中的状语 ① There is a big smile on her face. A B C D ② Every night he hea
21、rd the noise upstairs. A B C D ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. A B C D ④ The man on the motorbike is travelling to fast. A B C D ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. A
22、 B C D (六) 划出句中的直接宾语( )和间接宾语( ) ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Does he leave any message for me? 划分句子成分练习 (一) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ① My brother has
23、n't done his homework. A B C D ② People all over the world speak English. A B C D ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D ④ How many new words did you learn last class? A B C D ⑤ Some o
24、f the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? A B C D ⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. A B C D ⑦ They made him monitor of the class. A B C D ⑧ Go across the bridge and you wil
25、l find the museum on the left. A B C D ⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school. A B C D ⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is. A B C D (二) 挑出下列句中的表语 ① The old man was feeling very tired.
26、A B C D ② Why is he worried about Jim? A B C D ③ The leaves have turned yellow. A B C D ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. A B C D ⑤ She was the first to learn about it. A B C D (三) 挑出下列句中的定语 ① They
27、use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D ② What is your given name? A B C D ③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B C D ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. A B C D ⑤ The man downstairs w
28、as trying to sleep. A B C D ⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! A B C D (四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B C D
29、 ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. A B C D ③ She found it difficult to do the work. A B C D ④ They call me Lily sometimes. A B C D ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. A B C D ⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football o
30、n the playground just now? A B C D 五) 挑出下列句中的状语 ① There was a big smile on her face. A B C D ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B C D ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. A B C
31、 D ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. A B C D ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. A B C D ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. A B C D ⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. A B C D (六) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. 8 9






