医学英语学术文章写作.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Academic or Not?,An essay about life in ones home village,A term paper about the influence of Sigmund Freud on Pablo Picasso paintings,Narrowly defined concept:,personal,academic,Academic writing emphasizes,:,Summarizing or synthesizing information and ideas gathered from research,Explaining,comparing and contrasting,evaluating,or analyzing concepts,events,and phenomenon,Arguing for or against a position in an ongoing debate,AW calls for CR and CT,Critical reading,(CR):not only for to,comprehend,(through annotating,outlining,paraphrasing,summarizing,and synthesizing),but also to,analyze,the values and assumptions embodied in the texts,Critical thinking,(CT):to think from different perspectives,and to adopt a skeptical attitude toward authority and published papers,3 ways to use sources,Summarizing,Paraphrasing,Quoting,Why?,To record the information,to document the source,to understand and organize the ideas,When?,While reading.,Where?,Cards(sheets of paper)/Notebook/Computer,What?,Whatever you think is useful in your research paper:thoughts,quotes,facts,statistics.,How?,Summarize/paraphrase as much as possible,Use double quotation marks around any copied material,Taking notes,1/28/2025,7,1.,Documenting sources:,the author,the title,the place of publication,the publisher,the date of publication or the copyright date,and the page number(s),2.,Being thorough and concise,.Write down what is necessary(what is relevant to your topic but unknown in or different from other sources.,3.,Putting one item on one card/page,.,4.To avoid plagiarism,all notes must be properly documented!,Direct quotations,Paraphrase notes,Summary notes,Combination notes,Tips on note-taking,1/28/2025,8,A sample note,1/28/2025,9,Guidelines,1.Begin a new note on a new page,2.Write some keywords on each page,3.Put the notes with the same keywords into a single file,Taking notes on computers,1/28/2025,10,Summarizing,A summary is,a,condensed,version the original,a,brief restatement,of the main points of the source in your own words,How to summarize,Step 1 Critical reading,Step 2 Drafting,Step 3 Revising,Step 4 Editing,How to write a summary.pdf,Superman and Me.docx,1.,Reading,:,Read through and get the gist (by marking the key words),2.,Writing:,word limit,(1/3 to of the original),avoid a patchwork,(made up of phrases and sentences quoted from the original),ensure,all essential points included,follow,the logical order of the original,3,.,Revision,compare it carefully with the,original,further compress it,correct mistakes,Example 1,In the article,“Living green should take root in our cities”,Dr.Anthony Kachenko writes about,the importance of living green in our society.Living green improves health and wellbeing,as well as the livability of communities.,The author suggests,that the local government should launch some policies to support this idea.In fact,the author mentions,two current projects:,The Street Tree Master Plan 2011,and the,Urban Forest Strategy 2012-2032,.These campaigns support the creation of a sustainable and thriving urban landscapes with an urban forest and more trees along the citys streets.However,we should do more to support this cause.,(See the original in the mailbox),Example 2,In the article,“Analysis of Students Errors in English for Medical Purposes”,Zorica Anti,（,2010,）,analyzes,the errors which medical students are likely to make in their English learning.The study was carried out with the 200 students in the Faculty of Medicine in Ni.The results of a placement test and teachers observations in class were applied to make the analysis.,It is found that,the students often make mistakes in grammar,such as tenses,modal verbs,nouns,and the use of passive and relative pronouns.,It is concluded in the article that,teachers should design their courses by analyzing the problems of the students to guarantee the successful development of their professional communication.,(See the original in the mailbox),Techniques of compression,-omit the details,-reduce the examples,-simplify the sentences,-eliminate all repetitions,-compress wordy sentences;change phrases into words.,-use general words instead of specific words,-use the shortest simple transitions,-put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech,Expressions in Summary,This article/passage mainly,tells(a story)about,This passage mainly,deals with/discusses/explores/,In this passage(about,),the author,The author began the essay/passage by telling/presenting,First/Firstly/In the beginning/In the first part,the author,argues/explains/mentions/states/points out,(that),Secondly/Next/Further on/Then/In the next part/In the main part,the author goes on with,Finally/As a conclusion/,the,author concludes/adds/stresses,that,Finally,the author,summarizes,that,(See more expressions in the mailbox),Paraphrasing,Paraphrase means“to express in a shorter or clearer way what someone has said or written”.(Longman Dictionary),In your own words,In about the same number of words,More guide in,Paraphrase.pdf,(in the mailbox),Sample,Asian Americans have been described in the media as“excessively,even provocatively”successful in gaining admission to universities.Asian American shopkeepers have been congratulated,as well as criticized,for their ubiquity and entrepreneurial effectiveness.,-From“The harmful myth of Asian Superiority”by Ronald Takakithe New York Times(June 16,1990).See the original in the mailbox.,We have all heard of the success stories of Asian-Americans,particularly that of Chinese-Americans.We have all felt proud.Never had I known there was anything more to it until I read Takakis essay“The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority,”.,According to Takaki,the mainstream media in America has reported that Asian Americans have been too successful in getting accepted by universities and their success has made others feel uncomfortable.Asian American shopkeepers have been praised and blamed at the same time because they are doing business everywhere and are being successful in their business endeavors.,Quoting,To quote is to express the sources ideas in exactly the sources own words.,1.,few and significant,(Your paper should not be a cut-and-paste job!),2.,accurate,3.,introduced with comment or analysis,to indicate the relevancy to the discussion,4.grammatically and logically,incorporated,into the flow of your own writing,5.Use,block form,for long quotations.(MLA:indent 10 spaces for quotations longer than 4 typed lines;APA:5-7 spaces for those more than 40 words,In-text citation capitalization,quotes,and italics/underlining,Always capitalize proper nouns,including author names and initials:,D.Jones.,If you refer to the title of a source within your paper,capitalize all words that are,four letters long or greater,within the title of a source:,Permanence and Change,.Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,and adverbs:,Writing New Media,There Is Nothing Left to Lose,.(,Note:,in your References list,only the first word of a title will be capitalized:,Writing new media,.),Italicize or underline,the titles of,longer works,such as books,edited collections,movies,television seriesdocumentaries,or albums:,The Closing of the American Mind,;,The Wizard of Oz,;,Friends,.,Put quotation marks around,the titles of shorter works,such as journal articles,articles from edited collections,television series episodes,and song titles:Multimedia Narration:Constructing Possible Worlds;The One Where Chandler Cant Cry.,Short quotations,If you are,directly quoting,from a work,you will need to include the,author,year of publication,and the page number,for the reference(preceded by p.).Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the authors last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.,According to Jones(1998),Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time(p.199).,Jones(1998)found students often had difficulty using APA style(p.199);what implications does this have for teachers?,If the author is not named in a signal phrase,place the authors last name,the year of publication,and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.,She stated,Students often had difficulty using APA style(Jones,1998,p.199),but she did not offer an explanation as to why.,Summary or paraphrase,If you are,paraphrasing,an idea from another work,you only have to,make reference to the author and year of publication,in your in-text reference,but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number(although it is not required.),According to Jones(1998),APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners(Jones,1998,p.199).,Verbs to introduce citation,conclude,insists,admit,reject,remark,agree,argue,assert,claim,believe,point out,state,stress,suggest,note,put forward,More examples,Developing a thesis statement,A good thesis statement should:Be in a full,declarative sentence,(not a question,not a statement of purpose,not merely a topic),Be specific,(limiting the subject to a narrow focus that grows out of research),5.Writing the paper,1/28/2025,27,The instructor of a course on 19th-century America hands out the following essay assignment:,Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War.,1.The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons,some of which were the same and some different.,2.While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery,the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own institutions.,3.While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression,Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to self-government.,Samples:Bad to better,1/28/2025,28,2 types of outline symbols,Standard outline symbols,I.Major heading,A.Minor heading,1.Detail heading,a.Example heading,(1)Minor example heading,(2)Minor example heading,2.Detail heading,B.Minor heading,II.Major heading,.,Working out an outline,1/28/2025,29,Decimal outline,1.Major heading,1.1 Minor heading,1.1.1 Detail heading,1.1.1.1 Example heading,1.1.1.2 Example heading,1.1.1.2.1 Minor example heading,1.1.1.2.2 Minor example heading,1.1.2 Detail heading,1.2 Minor heading,2.Major heading,.,(Subheadings usually do not go beyond“detail heading”in academic practice.),1/28/2025,30,Topic outline,:Every heading is a phrase(noun/gerund/infinitive phrase).,Sentence outline,:Every entry is a complete,full sentence(topic sentences).,Paragraph outline,:Every section is a paragraph,providing a summary of the main parts of the outline.,Types of outlines,1/28/2025,31,Within the first few paragraphs,write:,Subject,Identify your specific topic,and then define,limit,and narrow it to one issue.,Background,Provide relevant historical data.Discuss a few key sources.,Problem,The point of a research paper might be to explore or resolve a problem.,Thesis sentence,Use it to establish the direction of the study,Writing the introduction,1/28/2025,32,You can develop your paper by,Definition,Classification,Comparison and contrast,Illustration,Cause and effect,Writing the body,1/28/2025,33,Restate the thesis statement,Offering a solution,Providing evaluations,Looking to the future,Writing the conclusion,1/28/2025,34,Summary is a useful first step in writing with sources,but it is not the same as synthesis,.,When you summarize a source,you articulate its basic argument and essential points.You may even begin to evaluate it-asking yourself whether its argument is logically sound,or whether the evidence is broad or persuasive enough.,From Summary to Synthesis,1/28/2025,35,Jones(2010)argues,that electronic medical records(EMRs)make care for patients more reliable and thorough.,The study cites,many instances of medication mismanagement and lack of treatment records that could have been avoided with consistently applied EMRs,(Jones,2010).,The evidence in the article is persuasive,but Jones does not address,the training and implementation costs of such systems.,An example of a clear and succinct summary,1/28/2025,36,In this excerpt,the student clearly explains the sources argument(that EMRs increase quality of care)and its evidence(the inconsistent level of care associated with analog records).She even gives an evaluation of the text and begins to put its ideas into a broader context(the training and implementation costs of such systems).However,this paragraph still mainly contains summary.This student needs to bring in other sources and begin to let her ideas build on top of the summary.,1/28/2025,37,Adding context,(in the form of more analysis and evidence)will help a student move,from summary to synthesis,.Think about it-we all understand information as it relates to other information.Because studies do not exist in a vacuum,it is important,to bring other texts into the picture and begin drawing connections,.Imagine the student who wrote the previous paragraph went to the library and found several more sources,then wrote the following paragraph,Adding the Context,1/28/2025,38,Jones(2010)argues,that electronic medical records(EMRs)make care for patients more reliable and thorough.The study cites many instances of medication mismanagement and lack of treatment records that could have been avoided with consistently applied EMRs(Jones,2010).,Bond(2012)found that,patients prefer the portability of information EMRs provide.,Baker(2012)found that,chronic inebriates were more likely to seek care from facilities with EMRs.,Roberts(2012)argued,that although training and implementation costs for these systems are considerable,patients with chronic illnesses prefer EMRs.,1/28/2025,39,This student has found many new sources that related to her topic,but notice how,she is still mainly summarizing,.She articulates the main point of each source,but that is all she does.She is not yet,drawing connections or highlighting the similarities or contradictions between the information,.Notice also that she presents the ideas in a list-each author is fully addressed before she moves on.But is that the most productive way to structure this paragraph?,1/28/2025,40,We use the example of the,dinner party,to teach students about,synthesis,.Say you,invite eight friends,to your house for dinner.Do they each,take turns standing up and giving a short lecture,while everyone else listens?Or does,everyone participate in the conversation,which is organized around,topics,?If your dinner parties are like ours,it is the second choice that will sound familiar.,Synthesis,is just like that-it is organized by idea,not by text or writer.Just as some dinner guests will have more to say than others,some texts might be cited more frequently or discussed at more length.,Starting the Conversation,1/28/2025,41,Electronic medical records(EMRs)are becoming a standard technology for many urgent care c