直接引语变间接引语(超级经典归纳).doc

直接引语变间接引语（宾语从句）
一． 直接引语和间接引语的定义。
直接引语：直接引用别人的话叫直接引语，
间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。
直接引语前后加引号；间接引语不必加引号。
He said, “ I’m a student.” （直接引语 ） → He said that he was a student. （间接引语）
主句 从句 主句 从句
二． 当直接引语为特殊疑问句变间接引语形成宾语从句时，首先要注意用特殊疑问词，

其后用陈述语序的句子，同时注意人称、时态、时间状语，连接词，语序的变化.

（一）人称的变化规则：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。

一随主
引号内的第一人 称变间引后与主句主语的人称保 持一致
He says,” I like math very much .
→ He says that he likes math very much .

二随宾
引号内的第二人称变间引后与主 句宾语的人称保 持一致
He said to Lily, “ you must get  up early”
→ He told Lily that  she must get up  early

三不用变
引号内的第三人 称在变间引后去人 称不变
She said to me , “ They want to help him” 
→ She told me that  they wanted  help him

★（二）．时态变化
 宾语从句时态变化规则：主现从不限；主过从四过（即4种过去的时态：一般过去时；过去进行时；过去将来时；过去完成时）； 客观真理，只用一般现在时。
1.主句一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。     
2.主句过去时，从句用相应的过去时态。即一般现在时改成 一般过去时；现在进行时改成 过去进行时； 一般将来时改成过去将来时；一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时改成过去完成时。
3.主句过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。 
Teacher told us:" The moon moves round the earth."
Teacher told us the moon moves round the earth.
主句的时态
从句的时态
例句
一般现在时
He says
所需的任何时态
He says,” he likes math very much .
→ He says that he likes math very much

一般过去时
He said
直接引语
间接引语

一般现在时
一般过去时
He said, “ he is a student.” →He said that he was a student
现在进行时
过去进行时
He said,“he is reading.”→He said that he was reading
一般将来时
过去将来时
He said,“he will go home”→He said that he would go home
一般过去时
过去完成时
He said，“he went home”→He said that he had gone home
现在完成时
过去完成时
He said，“he has gone home”→He said that he had gone home
过去完成时
过去完成时
He said，“he had gone home”→He said that he had gone home

(三)．时间状语变化

直接引语
间接引语
指示代词
this
these
that
those

时间状语
now
today
tonight
this week
yesterday
last week
three days ago
tomorrow
next week
then
that day
that night
that week
the day before
the week before
three days before
the next day/ the following day
the next week/ the following week
地点状语
here
there
动词
come
bring
go
take

★(四)．连接词 
  1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。  
  2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。  
  3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。  
  注意：当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他

直接引语
连接词
例句
注意事项

陈述句
that
（常省略）
He said to me, “ you can help her.”
→ He said to me (that) I could help her..
1. 连接词：that
2.引述动词said, said to sb
told sb,等

一般疑问句

if / whether.“是否”
He asked her, “ Do you love me?”
→ He asked her whether she loved him.

1.改为“陈述语序”。
2.引述动词asked
3.去掉Do, Does, Did
改变Are, Is, Will, Can位置

特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词：
what, who,
why,how, which,when
He asked his wife, “How are you?”
→ He asked his wife how she was.
He asked me, “ What color do you like?”
→ He asked me what color I liked.
1.改为“陈述语序”
2.去掉Do, Does, Did
改变Are, Is, Will, Can位置

祈使句
肯定
ask (tell) sb. to do sth
He shouted, “ Lily, Close the door.”
→ He told Lily to close the door.
1. 不用连接词
2. 不改变时态。
3. 无须考虑语序

否定
ask (tell) sb. not to do sth.
He said to me, “Don’t be late.”
→ He asked me not to be late.

注意：
1. 语序不变的有：What’ the matter with you? What’s wrong with you?
但What’s the trouble with you?的语序要变
1）从句中有or / or not 。例：she asks whether he stayed 。
2.只用 whether 2）与不定式to do 连用。例：I can’t decide whether to tell him the news
3) 在介词后。例：they are talking about whether they can afford the new house
用法是有区别的，但当if/whether同时出现在选项中的时候，我们要选whether

★3.宾语从句语序：陈语述序，即：连接词+主语+谓语+其它。
或 连接词（此时连接词充当主语）+谓语+其它。

陈述语序中： be动词、助动词、情态动词不能提到主语前。
例：1）can you tell me where is the hospital (错）
can you tell me where the hospital is.(对）

2）I don’t know whether does he speak Chinese (错）
I don’t know whether he speaks Chinese (对）

3）I am not sure what can he do (错）
I am not sure what he can do (对）

中考考点：时态、语序、连接词

练习题
一、填空，每空一词：
1.“I am having supper,” he said.
He said that ______ _______ having supper.
2.“I’ve seen the film,” Gina said to me.
Gina _______ me that she _______ _______ the film.
3. “I went home with my sister,” she said.
She said that _______ _______ _______ home with her sister.
4.The teacher said, “The sun is bigger than the moon.”
The teacher said that the sun _______ bigger than the moon.
5.“I met her yesterday,” he said to me.
He told me that he _______ met her the day _______.
6. “You must come here before five,” he said.
He said that I _______ to go _______ before five.
7.“I bought the computer two weeks ago,” she said.
She said that she _______ bought the computer two weeks _______.
8. “Did you read the book last week?” he said.
He _______ ______ I had read the book the week _______.
9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”
He _______ Jim that he _______ sit there
10.He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”
He asked her mother _______ _______ _______ found it.
11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked.
He asked me _______ ____ _______ been _______ days.
12“Do you know where she lives?” he asked.
He asked _______ _______ knew where she _______.
13. “Keep quiet, children.” he said.
He _______ the children _______ _______ quiet.
14. “Don’t look out of the window,” she said.
She told me _______ _______ _____ out of the window.
15. “Are you interested in this?” he said.
He _______ _______ I was interested in _______.
二、选择：
1. Our teacher asked us _____ our dictionaries to school.
A. bring       B. brought           C. bring           D. to bring
2. The teacher told the boy students ____ football on the grass.
A. not play       B. not to play       C. played          D. playing
3. ____ Tom didn’t go to school?
A. Do you know how B. Why do you know
 C. How you know why    D. Do you know why
4. She looks sad. Could you please tell me _____ that prevents her from being as happy as before?
A. what it is       B. it is what        C. how it is        D. it is how
5. Betty asked her sister ____ to the railway station to see her off.
A. not to come      B. not to go         C. to not come      D. to not go
6. The pupil asked his teacher _____ round the earth.
A. weather the moon goes B. that the moon went
C. whether the moon goes     D. whether the moon went
7. Mr. Li ____ Wang Ling ____ a taxi to the airport.
A. asked; take      B. asked; taking     C. told; take       D. told; to take
8. She asked him ____.
A. whose dictionary this is      B. whose dictionary that was
C. whose dictionary is this      D. whose dictionary that is
9. Mary’s mother asked her _____.
A. that whether she had finished her homework
B. if she has finished her homework
C. if she had finished her homework     
D. that if she had finished her homework
10. Do you know ____?
A. what is he doing        B. what he doing
C. what he is doing      D. what does he do now
11. I don’t know ____ to learn English.
A. when did he begin    B. when he began   
C. he when began   D. when he begins
12. He asked me ____.
A. how would the weather be like tomorrow  
B. what the weather would be like the next day
C. how the weather would be like tomorrow    
D. what would the weather be like the next day
13. You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Spring Festival presents.
A. how excited they were            B. how excited were they
C. how they were excited                 D. they were how excited
14. She told me that she ____ by her relatives at the bus stop.
A. had been seen off     B. have seen off   
C. have been seen off   D. had seen off
15. Do you remember how many times ____ to Australia?
A. had you been     B. did you go      C. have you been     D. you have been
16. Can you guess ____?
A. what is that man    B. who that man is  
C. whom that man is   D. who is that man
17. More and more students and teachers have began to know ____.
A. how important the foreign language are
B. how the foreign language is important
C. how important the foreign language is     
D. how important is the foreign language
18. The hostess said that it ___ time that they ___ supper.
A. was; had        B. was; had had        C. is; have         D. is; have had
19. The boss asked his secretary ____ he had finished typing the report ____.
A. if; or not        B. if; not          C. whether; or not    D. whether; not
20. I wonder how much _____.
A. does he spend on his car            B. did he spend on his car
C. he spent on his car                 D. he spent in his car

答案
一、填空
1. he, was。在直接引语变为间接引语时，代词I要变为he；主句为过去时态，宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个，即现在进行时am having变为过去进行时was having。
2. told, had, seen。直接引语中的said to sb在变为间接引语时应改为told sb；现在完成时have seen改为过去完成时had seen。
3. she, had, gone。直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词I 应变为she；一般过去时went改为过去完成时had gone。
4. is。直接引语变为间接引语时，若直接引语为客观真理，则变为间接引语时时态不变。
5. had, before。直接引语是一般过去时met，变为间接引语时应改为过去完成时had met；时间状语yesterday应改为the day before
6. had, there。如直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词must，变为间接引语时用had to；地点状语here 相应地改为there。
7. had, before。直接引语是一般过去时bought，变为间接引语时应改为过去完成时had bought；时间状语two weeks ago应改为two weeks before。
8. asked, if (whether), before。当直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时said应改为asked，然后加上连接词if或whether；时间状语last week 改为the week before。
9. told, could。根据句意第一空应用动词told；直接引语中含有情态动词can，变为间接引语时应改为 could。
10. how, she, had。如果直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时仍用how引导，疑问句语序改为陈述句语序，一般过去时改为过去将来时。
11. where, I, had, those。直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时仍用where引导，疑问句语序改为陈述句语序，现在完成时改为过去完成时，指示代词these相应地变为those。
12. if (whether), I, lived。直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时应用if或whether引导，人称you和动词时态lives也相应地变为I 和lived
13. told, to, keep。如直接引语为肯定的祈使句时，在变为间接引语时，可使用ask [tell, order] sb to do sth这一结构进行转换。
14. not, to, look。如直接引语为否定的祈使句时，在变为间接引语时，可使用ask [tell, order] sb not to do sth这一结构进行转换。
15. asked, if (whether), that。根据所给的句子，直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，主句谓语动词应用asked；再用if或whether引导宾语从句，批示代词this相应地变为that。
二、选择答案
1—5DBDAB;  6—10CDBCC；11—15BBAAD；16—20BCACC