中考阅读训练.doc

题型专题探究
专题十九　阅读理解

1．阅读理解题主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对阅读材料的评估能力。试题中所选的阅读文章题材广泛，涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史地理、科学技术等各个方面。体裁多样，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格等各种文体。
2．中考对阅读理解的考查重点是：
（1）根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；
（2）理解段落中句与句之间的逻辑关系；
（3）归纳文章的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；
（4）根据不同的阅读目的，运用简单的阅读策略获取主要信息，按要求完成题目。
3．考查的方式主要有：判断正误型阅读理解，选择型阅读理解，任务型阅读理解。

题型1　判断正误型阅读理解　
做这类题时应遵循下面的解题步骤：
1．通读全文，大体了解文章的主要内容。从而在审读问题时能抓住关键的信息。
2．审读题目，带着问题去研读短文，对于在短文中出现的句子可以直接判断出正误。
3．有些判断正误题不容易直接得出答案，这时候需要细读短文，根据短文中所有相关的信息进行综合，从而判断该题是否正确。
4．复读短文，细细斟酌，消除疑难点，保证答案的准确性。
【例1】 （2012湖南湘潭中考）阅读短文，根据短文内容判断所给句子正T）、误（F）。
“Who needs a shopping mall if you have Taobao？” says Wang Lin,28，a writer in Beijing.
Taobao，China's largest online shopping site（网上购物站），has become an important part of Wang Lin's life.She spends lots of money on Taobao.
A growing number of Chinese Internet users like Wang have found the joys of online shopping.Most online shoppers are students or young workers.More women shop on line than men.Clothing and home­use products are the most popular on line.
It was reported that more than 250 billion（十亿）yuan was spent on online shopping last year,80% through Taobao.
You may question the security（安全）of online shopping.Don't worry.Unless you receive the products from the sellers and are satisfied with them，the shop owner will not get the money.You can also get your money back if you want to return the products.
41．Taobao is an online shopping site.
42．Most online shoppers are young women.
43．Food is more popular than clothing on line.
44．Shopping on line is not safe.
答案与解析：
41．T　细节理解题。由第二段的首句“Taobao，China's largest online shopping site（网上购物站）”，可知淘宝是一个网上购物网站。
42．F　细节理解题。由第三段的句子“Most online shoppers are students or young workers.”可知该句的表述是错误的。
43．F　细节理解题。由第三段的句子“Clothing and home­use products are the most popular on line.”可知该句的表述是错误的。
44．F　推理判断题。由文章最后一段的内容可知作者意图是告诉大家网上购物是比较安全的。
题型2　选择型阅读理解　
中考选择型阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析能力和判断能力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，然后根据试题的要求从A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳答案。常见的主要有以下五种题型：
1．细节理解题
细节理解题属表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但是在整个阅读理解题中所占的比例最大。细节理解题主要从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。常见的设计方式有：以who，what，when，where，why（即五个“W” ）或how等特殊疑问词开头就某个细节进行提问；就文章具体内容进行简单计算、排序、识图等；以From the passage...，According to the passage...等提问方式开头，考查某一细节，对文章所给的选项进行正误判断。这类题目的答案一般都能在文章中直接找到，做题前，可先浏览一下题目，然后带着问题快速阅读，找出能解决问题的有关信息。但是一定要注意捕捉准确的信息，进行理解分析，去伪存真，否则会陷入题目设下的“陷阱”，受其迷惑而误选干扰项。
2．主旨大意题
主旨大意题所提问题主要涉及文章的中心思想、主要内容、标题、作者的态度、目的、文章的语气等。我们首先要找出文章的主题句，通常可以在以下几个地方找到文章的主题句：
（1）位于一段开头的段首句，演绎型文章的主题句通常能在段落的起始部分找到；
（2）位于一段结尾的段末句，归纳型文章的主题句通常能在段落的终结部分找到；
（3）若既不在段首，也不在段末，我们就应细心地在这段的中心部分去寻找；
（4）有的主题句通过某种表达方式或修辞手段委婉、含蓄地提出来，这称为暗示句。这种暗示句通常难度较大，它可能不是一句完整的话而仅是一个词语，也可能是通过一些具有感情色彩的词语来表达的，还可能是通过字里行间来表达的。
主旨句的提问形式主要有：
（1）The main idea of the passage is...
（2）What's the main idea of the passage?
（3）Which is the best title for the passage?
在做主旨大意题时，我们一定要注意选项的内涵和外延必须能够恰如其分地概括文章的主题。因此我们要善于捕捉文章中出现频率较高的中心词汇和段落的主题句。在选择文章的最佳标题时，还要注意语言方面的特点：题目往往具有凝练、醒目的特点。
3．推理判断题
推理判断题着重考查学生的逻辑思维能力，难度较大，涉及面较广，如人物的心理、故事的结局、文章的寓意、作者的态度或倾向等。推理判断题的提问形式主要有：
（1）We can learn from this passage that...
（2）We can conclude from the passage that...
（3）It can be seen from the passage that...
（4）What is the real meaning of sb.'s words?
推理判断题的答案往往在文章的字面上不会出现，必须依据已有信息来进行推理，不能脱离原文去主观臆断。因此，在做推理判断题时，必须从原文里找到推断的依据。这类题要求考生脱离字面理解的局限，透过文章的字里行间，对作者的话进行推理判断，领悟隐含在字里行间的内涵或哲理，体会作者的言外之意、弦外之音，从而获得对文章的深层理解。
4．词义猜测题
词义猜测题旨在考查学生在特定语境中理解词（词语、句子）的能力。其提问形式主要有：
（1）The underlined sentence means ______ in this passage.
（2）What does the underlined word mean in News 2?
解答这类题目，必须认真阅读文章，通过上下文的联系，结合已有的知识猜测其在具体语境中的含义，下面介绍一些猜词的技巧：
（1）通过因果关系猜词；
2）通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词；
（3）通过构词法猜词；
（4）通过定义或释义关系来推测词义；
（5）通过句法功能来推测词义；
（6）通过描述猜词。
5．图表说明题
这是近几年各地比较受欢迎的一个题型。涉及的内容有调查报告、广告、超市或服装店等服务性行业的促销活动，饭店、旅馆或学校以及公共场合的规章制度等等，内容非常广泛。一般来说，这类题目看起来有点复杂，但是都不会太难，仔细阅读，都可以在表格内找到解决问题的信息；个别的题目会涉及一些运算，应特别细心。
选择型阅读理解的解题方法：
（1）初读全文
①一般应先通读整篇短文，初步了解短文整体框架、大意及作者意向，并在抓住主要信息及各段中心内容的同时，标出重要内容或有疑问的地方。
②也可以先快速浏览一下文章后面的题目，明确要求，以便快速阅读全文时留意或抓住重要材料及关键词语，做到心中有数，有的放矢。
（2）再读全文
目的是加深对文章整体的把握以及对文章各段中心内容的理解，进一步思考并初步弄清或解决第一遍阅读时发现的疑问。
（3）细读试答
在认真研读题目（“题干”和“选项”）、明确答题要求的基础上，再细读短文有关部分以便最后确定答案。这一步至关重要，既要细心，又要在整体把握的层面上上下照应、前后联系。一般来说，试题的先后次序与短文所述内容的次序基本上是一致的，因而答题应按试题的次序逐个去做，但是也有一些题目的设置与文章的先后顺序是不一致的。答题原则应是先易后难，不会的题目放在最后做。
（4）复读核查
试答完各题之后，再读一遍短文，瞻前顾后地逐一核对答案。在这一步，应该充分利用和注意到各题目之间的相互关联或对应，要着力抓住起决定作用的关键题目。关键题目正确与否会引起连锁反应，影响到读者对整篇文章的理解与把握。因此，切莫忽视这一点。
【例2】 （2011湖南长沙中考）
When Oakland High School in California moved into a new building，the students and teachers noticed a strong smell.Then almost half of the students began to have a headache and a cough.Experts（专家） came to find the cause of the sickness.Finally，they discovered that the air in the building was not safe to breathe.They were surprised to find out that the desks and chairs in the school library caused the trouble.These desks and chairs were made of particleboards（合成板）．This kind of board is cheap.It is made of very small pieces of wood held together with a chemical （化学物质）．This is just one example of a modern problem that is most common in cities—indoor air pollution（污染）．
People have worried about air pollution for many years，and the government has spent lots of money trying to clean up the air of big cities.But now we found that we are still breathing unhealthy air.A study shows：Indoor air pollution is almost two to five times（倍） worse than outside pollution.So remember to open the windows and don't stay too long in modern buildings with windows closed.
51．Many students and teachers ______ after they moved into the new building.
A．were very happy and excited
B．didn't feel well
C．felt tired because of hard work
52．The experts came to Oakland High School for ______.
A．staying with the sick students and teachers
B．taking away the desks and chairs
C．finding the cause of the illness
53．Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?
A．The indoor air pollution is common in cities.
B．We needn't worry about the outside pollution.
C．The air in this school library was not safe to breathe.
54．A study shows that indoor air pollution is ______.
A．even worse than the outside pollution
B．not so bad as outside pollution
C．the only problem to worry about
55．What's the main idea of the passage?
A．Never move into a new building
B．We shouldn't buy cheap desks and chairs
C．The indoor air pollution is a big and common problem
答案与解析：
51．B　细节理解题。从文章中的第一段中的“Then almost half of the students began to have a headache and a cough.”可知答案为B项。
52．C　细节理解题。根据句子“Experts（专家） came to find the cause of the sickness.”可知答案为C项。
53．B　细节理解题。根据文章叙述，我们也应该关注室外污染，故答案为B项。
54．A　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A study shows：Indoor air pollution is almost two to five times（倍） worse than outside pollution.”可知答案为A项。
55．C　主旨大意题。根据文章大意可知，室内污染已经是严重和普遍的问题。
【例3】 （2011湖南长沙中考）
阅读下列图表，从每小题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出最佳选项回答问题或完成句子。
56．Millie doesn't like ______.
A．homework　　　B．drawing　　　　C．reading

57．Simon Webbe will come to Hong Kong on ______ November 1st,2011.
A．Monday B．Saturday C．Sunday

58．Which of the following is Not true?
A．There is going to be a party for Chinese New Year.
B．Only the Chinese people can go to the party.
C．The party will last 6 hours.

59．If 3 adults（成年人） and 2 eight­year­old children visit Changsha，they at least pay ______ for the tour.
A．￥360 B．￥410 C．￥470
Changsha One­Day Sightseeing Tour
Adult：￥100.00
Senior Citizen/Student：￥60.00
Child（5­15 years）：￥50.00
Family （2 adults&2 children）：￥260.00
Complete tour lasts about 8 hours.

60．From the information below，we know that ______.
Looking for a hotel
Is she a real friend
A home for a pet
Hi，
I'm looking for a good hotel where I can spend my holidays.Any country is OK.Please tell me something about the rooms，the area and the sights near there.
Thanks for your help.
Ben,14
　　I was ill for one week.When I came back to school，my best friend didn't talk to me.She did not want to sit next to me.But I miss her.What can I do?
Joe,13
　　I've always wanted a pet but my parents said no.Then I had an accident.I couldn't walk for a long time.My parents want to buy a pet now.But I am not sure.Is a rabbit or a little dog the right pet for me?
Elisa,13
A.Ben only wants to live in a hotel of his own country.
B．Joe feels lonely now.
C．Elisa doesn't want a pet now.
答案与解析：
56．A　细节理解题。从图片中的最后一个脸谱可知。
57．B　细节理解题。从广告第三行可知答案为B项。
58．B　细节理解题。从广告中“All are welcome.”可知答案为B项。
59．A　细节理解题。根据“Family （2 adults & 2children）：￥260.00”和一个成人的花费100元，可知是答案为A项。
60．B　细节理解题。根据三篇小短文，可以知道B项说法正确。
题型3　任务型阅读理解
任务型阅读是“阅读理解”的一种新题型，要求考生在阅读完一段材料、一幅或几幅图（表）后，能比较清楚地把握整篇文章的结构，较好地分析作者的观点和意图，并按照要求完成一系列任务或解决一系列问题，从而有效地测试学生用英语“做事”的能力。
任务型阅读主要考查学生根据提供的材料进行收集信息、整理信息、转换信息的能力，并考查学生的语言应用能力，因此任务型阅读考查内容广泛，考查题型多样，自由开放，命题者可以灵活多变地设计出各种题型，从而考查学生运用知识解决问题的能力。任务型阅读主要有以下几种考查形式：
1．阅读答题型
此类任务型阅读要求我们根据短文、表格、图片或图文结合的材料回答命题者设定的问题。做此类型题时，应先仔细阅读短文后所提出的问题，带着问题通读全文，首先要把握文章主旨，然后再找出与问题有关的句子、句子的关键词/短语等；在此基础上再结合上下文进行分析判断、逻辑推理、归纳提炼出问题答案所需要的内容。表述句子时内容要简洁明了、语法正确、语句通顺、书写规范，通常用一个完整的句子作答，有时根据具体情境也可用其缩略形式作答。
2．填写图表型
此类任务型阅读通常是先给出一段材料，然后再根据材料内容设计出一个表格，要求考生完成表格中缺少的信息。此类题目设计通常难度不大，大部分信息都可以直接在材料中找到，因此考生只要通读材料信息，注意所填信息在原文中的出处，就不难完成任务。但是也有个别信息考生不可能直接在材料中找出，需要根据某些细节、线索或关键词语进行推理、归纳才能完成任务。
任务型阅读的解题技巧：
1．通读全文，感知任务
答题前，认真阅读文章，掌握文章提供的信息内容；同时要明确文章中的任务，做到心中有数，为答题做好准备。
2．紧扣原文，搜寻信息
通读全文之后，再浏览问题，从原文中找出能回答问题的关键信息。如果是根据英文释义写单词的题，则一定要确保所填的单词来源于原文，切不可脱离原文随意发挥。
3．全面兼顾，准确作答
任务型阅读更加注重学生的表达能力，因此除了注意书写规范以外，还要确保表达的准确性，要注意语态、时态和人称等变化。回答时可以用完整的句子，也可以用省略句，直接写出关键词语即可，但是要注意词语或句子结构的完整性和准确性。如：单词拼写的正确性（注意其词形、词性方面的变化）；句式的改写（注意句意和结构的变化）；句子英、汉翻译的准确性（注意在具体情境、语境中的翻译以及某些习语的固定译法）等。
4．认真检查，验证答案
完成任务后要把答案带入原文，检查所做的答案是否符合要求，发现问题及时解决。
【例4】 （2012湖南湘潭中考）
阅读答问　阅读下面的材料，然后根据材料内容回答问题。
“Who did this？” asked the teacher.Thirty children made no answer.
“Who did this？” she raised her voice and asked again.She never became angry，but she was angry this time.It was Charley who broke the window.But he did it by accident.
It was caused by a bad throw of a baseball.“If I admitted（承认）it，it would get me into trouble，” Charley thought.“How would I be able to pay for a big window like that？” But something much stronger in his mind pulled him up.“I did it.” Charley stood up and then became silent.It was hard enough saying that.
The teacher walked to Charley with a book in hand.The boy feared she was going to hit him with the book.
“I know you did it，and I know how you like birds，” she said.“Here's a book about birds.It is yours now.You won't be punished.But remember：it's only for your honesty.”
Charley couldn't believe it！He wasn't punished，but instead，he got a book which needed much money!
53．How many students were there in Charley's class?
________________________________________________________________________
54．How did Charley break the window?
________________________________________________________________________
55．What was the book about?
___
56．What do you learn from the story?
________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
53．30.
54．He threw a baseball by accident and broke the window.
55．It was about the birds.
56．We should be honest.
【例5】 阅读短文，然后完成内容摘要。
Anne and Joseph are talking about an interesting question.Why do some people change their names？There can be many reasons.Hanna changed her name to Anne because she thought it would be easier for people to remember.On the other hand，Joseph is thinking about changing his name to an unusual name because he wants to be different.
People have a lot of reasons for changing their names.Film stars，singers，sportsmen and some other famous people often change their names because they want names that are not ordinary，or that have special sound.They chose the “new name”for themselves instead of the name their parents gave them when they were born.
Some people have another reason for changing their names.They have moved to a new country and want to use a name that is usual there.For example，Li Kaiming changed his name to Ken Lee when he moved to the United States.He uses the name Ken at his job and at school.But with his family and Chinese friends，he uses Li Kaiming.For some people，using different names makes life easier in their new country.
In many countries，a woman changes her family name to her husband's after she gets married.But today，many women are keeping their own family name and not using their husband's.Sometimes，women use their own name in some situations（情况） and their husband's in other situations.And some use both their own name and their husband's.
different people
reason to change the name
Hanna
It is 1.______ for people to remember.
Joseph
He wants to have a name that's 2.______.
famous people
Their name may sound 3.______.
Li Kaiming
Using different names can make 4.______ easier.
a woman
After she gets 5.______，she may change her name.
参考答案：1.easier　2.unusual　3.special　4.life　5.married

题型1　判断正误型阅读理解　
A
（2012湖南岳阳中考
We can see some overhead bridges（天桥）in Yueyang city.There is one near the No.1 People's Hospital.Another is in front of the Bus Station.As we all know，it is not safe to cross a busy road.These bridges can help people cross the roads safely.Overhead bridges have the same use as street crossings.

Many people think it great trouble to go through overhead bridges.The old and the young think it's difficult for them to climb up and down the steps of the overhead bridges.But why does the government build so many overhead bridges？That's because old people and young children walk slowly.And when they cross a busy road using a street crossing，the traffic will be held up or maybe stopped，or even a traffic accident may happen.With the help of the overhead bridges，people and the traffic can move at the same time.
A lot of money has been spent building these overhead bridges.People，old or young should always use them.This can help stop traffic accidents from happening.
1．There is only one overhead bridge in Yueyang city.
2．It is dangerous for people to cross a busy road.
3．All the people like using overhead bridges instead of street crossings.
4．Overhead bridges help people and the traffic move at the same time.
5．An overhead bridge can help stop a traffic accident from happening.
B
（2012湖南郴州中考）
Many students go to school by bus.Here are some rules for students to keep safe while riding a bus.
★Waiting for the bus
Walk on the right side of the road.
Wait in line for the bus.
Don't get close to the bus until it has come to a complete stop.
★Getting on the bus
Do not push other people.Get on the bus one by one.
★Being on the bus
Don't stand close to the bus door.
Don't talk loudly or talk with the driver.
Keep your head，arms and body in the bus.
Do not throw things out of the bus.
★Getting off the bus
Remain where you are until the bus comes to a complete stop.
Never go in front of the bus after getting off the bus.
6．This passage tells students how to keep safe while riding a bus.
7．We shouldn't get close to the bus until it has come to a complete