可数名词和不可数名词的用法.doc

年 级
初一
学 科
英语
编稿老师
张春燕
课程标题
可数名词和不可数名词的用法
一校
张琦锋
二校
林卉
审核
刘晓军

中考对可数名词和不可数名词的考查主要集中在：
1. 可数名词的复数变化形式。
2. 不可数名词的用法。
3. 语境中近义名词的用法区别。
4. 中考中常以单项选择、根据汉语提示或首字母提示补全单词、用所给词的适当形式填空等题型出现，分值为3-4分。

一、知识精讲
1. 可数名词
可数名词是表示可以计数的人或事物的名词。可数名词一般有单数和复数两种。
单数可数名词前常用不定冠词a/an修饰，表示一个”。当名词的首音素是元音音素时，前用an；如果首音素是辅音音素，则用a。

【例句】
He has a new bike. 他有一辆新自行车。
This is an ID card. 这是一张身份证。
状元典例
This is ____ apple and that is _____banana.
A. a; a B. an; an C. a; an D. an; a
答案：D
思路分析：apple的首音素是元音音素/ æ/，故其前用an修饰；banana的首音素是辅音音素/ b/，其前用a修饰，故选D项。
复数名词由单数名词通过变化而来，其变化有规则和不规则两种。
规则变化：
1) 一般在词尾加-s。 apple→ apples
2) 以s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词词尾加-es。 watch → watches
3) 以ce, se, ze, (d) ge 等结尾的词词尾加-s。 orange→ oranges
状元典例
My father bought some ______ and two _____ for me and my sister.
A. vegetable; watches B. vegetables; watch
C. vegetable; watchs D. vegetables; watches
答案：D
思路分析：本题考查可数名词的复数形式。vegetable是可数名词，其前用some修饰，故用复数vegetables; two后接可数名词复数，watch的复数形式为watches。句意为“我爸爸买了一些蔬菜，并为我和我姐买了两块手表”。
4) 以o 结尾的词，词尾加-s或-es。piano→ pianos; tomato→ tomatoes
常接-es的名词为：英雄( hero) 喜欢土豆(potato)和西红柿(tomato)。
状元典例
Could you take _____ for these _____? They are very beautiful.
A. any photos; potatoes B. some photos; potatoes
C. some photos; potatos D. any photos; potatos
答案：B
思路分析：本题考查以o结尾的名词的复数形式。photo的复数形式是：photos；potato的复数形式是：potatoes。故排除C，D两项；Could you …?表示委婉的语气，故用some，所以选项B正确。
5) 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，把y变为i,再加-es。 dictionary → dictionaries
而以元音字母加y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s。 boy→ boys
状元典例
I’m interested in one of these _____.
A. story B. storys C. stories D. storyies
答案：C
思路分析：本题考查以辅音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式。these后接复数名词；story的复数形式为：stories，故选C项。
6) 以f或fe结尾的名词，先变f或fe为v，再加-es。
leaf (叶) → leaves，类似的有：妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己 命，
wife knife wolf thief shelf self life
半片树叶遮目光。
half leaf
还应注意的是：scarf的复数有两种形式：scarfs和scarves;
giraffe的复数形式是：giraffes;
roof的复数形式是：roofs。
状元典例
Look! Some _____ are eating the ______ on the tree.
A. giraffe; leaf B. giraffes; leafs C. giraffes; leaves D. giraves; leaves
答案：C
思路分析：本题考查以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式。some后接复数名词，giraffe的复数形式是giraffes；leaf的复数形式是leaves。句意为“看！一些长颈鹿在吃树上的叶子”。
不规则变化：
1) 少数名词的变化不规则
man →men, woman →women, child →children, foot →feet, tooth →teeth, mouse →mice
状元典例
We walk with our _____.
A. feet B. foot C. foots D. feets
答案A
思路分析：本题考查foot的复数形式。句意为“我们用脚走路”。因为我们有两只脚，故用foot的复数形式feet。
2) 单、复数相同
Chinese ，fish(表示不同种类的鱼时，复数为fishes) ，deer (小鹿)
Japanese，sheep(绵羊)
顺口溜帮你记：
中国人爱吃鱼鹿；日本人爱吃绵羊。
状元典例
—What can I do for you?
—I’d like several ______ and some peas.
A. potato B. fish C. meat D. banana
答案：B
思路分析：本题考查单复数同形的名词的复数形式。several意为“几个”，后接可数名词的复数。浏览各选项可知表示复数的只有B项，单复数同形。句意为“—你要点什么？—我要几条鱼和一些豌豆”。
3) 复合名词的复数形式的变化，除以man, woman作定语修饰名词的都变复数外，其他的只变最后一个。a bus driver→ two bus drivers a man teacher→ three men teachers
状元典例
There are some _____students and ______teachers in the classroom.
A. girls; women B. girl; women C. girl; woman D. girls; woman
答案：B
思路分析：本题考查复合名词的复数形式。girl student 的复数形式是在中心词student上变复数；而woman teacher的复数形式是前后两个词都变为复数，即：women teachers。故选B。
4) 有些名词，如clothes, socks, pants, glasses, shoes等，只以复数形式出现，且作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。
状元典例
My shoes and _____ red.
A. sock are B. socks are C. sock is D. socks is
答案：B
思路分析：本题考查只以复数形式出现的名词。句意为“我的鞋子和袜子都是红色的”。“袜子”以复数形式出现，用socks；当它作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
5) 部分学科名词虽以-s结尾，但用作单数。如：physics，maths等。
状元典例
I think maths _____not difficult for me.
A. are B. be C. is D. am
答案：C
思路分析：本题考查以-s结尾的单数名词。本句是含宾语从句的复合句。在从句中maths作主语，故谓语动词用单数形式is。
6) people, police虽然形式上为单数，但含义为复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
【例句】
The police are looking for the thief. 警察正在抓小偷。

2. 不可数名词
不可数名词是表示不可计数的人或事物的名词，常见的不可数名词有：
meat 肉；chicken 鸡肉；fish 鱼肉；bread面包；coffee咖啡；tea茶；food食物；air空气；weather天气；water 水；glass玻璃；work 工作；news消息；advice建议；information 信息；luck运气；knowledge知识；progress进步；fun乐趣；furniture 家具
不可数名词有六点特征：
(1)通常没有复数形式。
(2)不能直接用a/ an和指示代词this, that, these, those来修饰。
状元典例
If I have ____ about him, I will tell you at once.
A. a good news B. good news C. many good news D. news good
答案：B
思路分析：本题考查不可数名词。news意为“消息”，是不可数名词，不能用a修饰排除A项；不能用many修饰，排除C项；形容词good修饰名词时要放在名词前面，故排除D项。句意为“如果我有了关于他的好消息，我将立刻告诉你”。
(3)不能用基数词来修饰。
(4)作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
【例句】
Some milk is in the cup. 杯子里有一些牛奶。
(5)可用 some, any, a little, a lot of, lots of, much来修饰。
状元典例
Boys and girls, please help yourselves to _____.
A. some fishes B. some fish C. any fishes D. fishes
答案：B
思路分析：句意为“孩子们，请随便吃些鱼吧”。此处的“鱼”表示“鱼肉”，是不可数名词，故没有复数形式；fish可用some来修饰。故选B项。
【例句】
I have a little water. 我喝了点水。
(6)表量时，用“基数词+ 量词（单位名词）+of +不可数名词”结构。复数形式通过量词的复数变化来体现。
【例句】
I want a piece of bread. 我想要一片面包。

He would like two cups of tea. 他想要两杯茶。

状元典例
Peter, would you like _______or ______?
A. a tea; a water B. a cup tea; a glass of water
C. a cup of tea; a glass of water D. a cup of tea; a glass water
答案：C
思路分析：本题考查不可数名词的量。tea和water都是不可数名词，表量时，用“基数词+ 量词（单位名词）+of +不可数名词”结构。故“一杯茶”用a cup of tea表示；“一玻璃杯水”用a glass of water表示。

二、难点聚焦
1. 民族名词的复数变化

Chinese, Japanese单复数同形；Englishman→ Englishmen; Frenchman → Frenchmen;
Australian → Australians; American→ Americans; German → Germans
顺口溜帮你记：
中日不变是一致；英法联盟a变e；其他一律加s。
状元典例
There are five _____watching the movie Tangshan Earthquake.
A. Chinese B. Frenchman C. Englishman D. German
答案：A
思路分析：本题考查民族名词的复数变化。基数词five后接名词复数，Chinese单复数同形；Frenchman的复数形式是Frenchmen；Englishman的复数形式是Englishmen; German的复数形式是Germans。故只有A项是复数形式。句意为“有五位中国人在看电影《唐山大地震》”。
2. 部分集合名词，如class, family, team, group等，既可用作单数(作为整体)，也可用作复数(作为成员)。

【例句】
His family is a happy one. 他的家是一个快乐的家庭。
The family are enjoying themselves in the party.
这家人正在聚会上玩得很快乐。
状元典例
Our class _____ a big one and our class _____ very hard.
A. is; studies B. are; study C. is; study D. are; studies
答案: C
思路分析：根据a big one可知our class在这里作为整体，故谓语动词用单数形式；学习努力的是“我们班的同学”，表示班级的成员，故谓语动词用复数形式。故选项C正确。
3 表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词，尽管是复数形式，但谓语动词用单数形式。
【例句】
Three weeks is quite a long time. 三周是相当长的一段时间。
状元典例
—How much ____ the shoes?
—Twenty dollars _____ enough.
A. is; is B. is; are C. are; is D. are; are
答案：C
思路分析：the shoes作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；twenty dollars表示价值，虽是复数形式，但谓语动词用单数形式。
4. 由两部分构成的物体，如：shoes, trousers（裤子）, glasses; pants, shorts等，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。但与a pair of 连用表示“一条”“一双”时，谓语动词和pair的单复数形式保持一致。
【例句】
My shoes are red, but this pair of shoes is black. 我的鞋子是红的，但这双是黑的。
状元典例
This pair of glasses _____ different from mine. My glasses _____ new.
A. is; are B. are; is C. is; is D. are; are
答案：A
思路分析：在短语this pair of glasses中，this pair作主语，故谓语动词用单数形式；my glasses作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。故选A项。句意为“这副眼镜和我的不同，我的眼镜是新的”。
5. 专有名词(人名、地名)的复数构成不遵循普通名词单数变复数的规则，而是在其后直接加s。
【例句】
Five Shawas are in the city. 五个沙洼在这个城市。（指地名）
状元典例
There are two ______in my class.
A. Mary’s B. Maries C. Marys D. Marys’
答案：C
思路分析：Mary表示人名，two是基数词，其后接复数形式，在词尾直接加s即可。句意为“在我班有两个玛丽”。
6. 还有一类名词，既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但意义不同。

chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡
orange 橘汁 oranges 橘子
glass 玻璃 glasses 眼镜；玻璃杯
time 时间 times 时代；次数
状元典例
Look! The _____ are very cute. I like them and the _____.
A. chicken; chicken B. chickens; chicken
C. chicken; chickens D. chickens; chickens
答案：B
思路分析：根据第一空后的are可知主语用复数形式，chickens意为“小鸡”；根据and前句意“我喜欢它们”可知the后用chicken，否则重复。句意为“看！这些小鸡非常可爱。我很喜欢它们，也喜欢鸡肉”。
7. 询问“多少”时，how many后接可数名词复数；how much后接不可数名词。回答时，前者答语用基数词，后者答语用数量关系。
【例句】
—How many blackboards are there in your classroom? 你教室里有多少块黑板？
—Only one. 只有一块。
—How much is one bottle of juice? 一瓶果汁多少钱。
—Five yuan. 五元钱。
状元典例
—How much meat do you want?
—_______.
A. two B. two kilos C. Two D. Two kilos
答案：D
思路分析：meat是不可数名词，回答how much meat时，答语用数量关系，故排除A，C两项；答语是一个句子，故首字母应大写。B项错误，排除，故选D项。

三、状元笔记
1. 加强记忆可数名词变复数的规则和不规则变化。
2. 正确识别可数名词和不可数名词，掌握不可数名词的六点特征。
3. 不同名词作主语，其谓语动词要搭配恰当，即要主谓一致。

1. (四川内江) —Well, you look so happy!
—Because I got a good ______.
A. work B. news C. job
答案：C
思路分析：浏览答语可知不定冠词a后接可数名词的单数；work意为“工作”，是不可数名词news意为“消息”，是不可数名词；job意为“工作”，是可数名词，故选C项。
2. (浙江宁波) Of all the vegetables, I like _____ best.
A. milk B. eggs C. potatoes D. apples
答案：C
思路分析：milk意为“牛奶”；eggs意为“鸡蛋”；apples意为“苹果”，均不属于蔬菜。C项意为“土豆”，是蔬菜，故选C项。
3. (黑龙江) There are a lot of _____in our school. They work very hard.
A. woman teachers B. women teachers C. womans teachers D. women teacher
答案：B
思路分析：浏览选项可知，woman作定语修饰teacher，变复数时两个都变。woman的复数形式是women，故选B项。句意为“在我们学校有许多女教师。她们工作都很努力”。
4. (湖北恩施) They are from _____. They are _____.
A. Germany; Germans B. Germans; Germany C. German; Germany D. Germany; Germen
答案：A
思路分析：Germny意为“德国”；German意为“德国人”；句意为“他们来自德国。他们是德国人”。German的复数形式是Germans。故选A项。
5. (上海) We need to come up with a/an _____ and make a decision at once.
A. information B. advice C. idea D. news
答案：C
思路分析：A项意为“信息”，是不可数名词；B项意为“建议”，是不可数名词；D项意为“新闻；消息”，是不可数名词，不能均与题干中的a/an搭配idea意为“主意”，是可数名词，前用an修饰。句意为“我们需要想出一个主意并立刻作出决定”。
6. (新疆阜康) Mr. Black gave us _____ on how to learn English well.
A. an advice B. many advices C. some advice D. some advices
答案：C
思路分析：advice意为“建议”，是不可数名词，故不能用an修饰，排除A项；没有复数形式，排除B项和D项。但可用some来修饰。句意为“布莱克先生给了我们一些如何学好英语的建议”。
7. (山东泰安) —Lucy, do you like ______?
—Yes. Most of my clothes are _____.
A. an orange; an orange B. orange; orange C. oranges; oranges D. orange; an orange
答案：B
思路分析：orange有三个含义，“橙子；橘子”“橙汁”和“橙色，橙色的”。作“橙子；橘子”讲时，是可数名词；作“橙汁” “橙色”讲时是不可数名词；作“橙色的”讲时，为形容词。句意为“—露西，你喜欢橙色吗？—是的，我的大多数衣服都是橙色的”，故选B项。
8. (湖北黄冈) —David has been away for more than 25 days.
—I miss him very much. You know, 25 days _____ short.
A. is B. isn’t C. are D. aren’t
答案：B
思路分析：浏览题干可知25 days表示时间，形式虽为复数，但作主语时谓语动词应用单数形式；根据“我很想念他”可判断末句句意为“你知道，25天不短”，故选B项。

（答题时间：40分钟）
Ⅰ. 根据句意及汉语或首字母提示补全所缺单词
1. Can you give me some _____(建议) about how to learn English?
2. In fact, _____(物理) is very interesting.
3. May I ask you some ______(问题)?
4. Different people have different _____(爱好).
﹡5. You can look for the _____(信息) about Shanghai Expo on the Internet.
6. They are raising (筹集) m_____ for the charity.
7. S_____ is the first day in a week.
﹡8. It’s a good habit to brush our t_____ every day.
9. Please close the d_____. It’s cold outside.
10. There are many m____ doctors in this hospital.

Ⅱ. 单项选择
( ) 1. Give him , please.
A. two pieces of bread B. two piece of breads
C. two pieces of breads D. two piece of bread
( ) 2. Half of the class girls .
A. is B. are C. was D. have been
( ) 3. Mike and his friend are going to the ______to see the new action movie tonight.
A. book shop B. restaurant C. concert D. cinema
( ) 4. — Good morning, madam. Can I help you?
— Sure, I’d like _______for cooking vegetables.
A. two cups of tea B. three pieces of bread
C. one bowl of dumplings D. five kilos of oil
( ) 5. You should tell ______possible to support your ideas.
A. as many information as B. as much fact as
C. as many facts as D. as many news as
( ) 6. —You look worried. What’s your _____?
—I have trouble learning English.
A. name B. question C. problem D. job
( ) 7. Mr. White has a beautiful garden with many ______in it.
A. flowers B. grass C. villages D. water
( )﹡8. —Oh! There isn’t enough _____for us in the bus.
—No hurry. Let’s wait for the next.
A. place B. land C. room D. floor
( )﹡9. I wanted to tell him the truth, but I didn’t have a(n) _______.
A. excuse B. chance C. test D. choice
( )10. —What can you see at the foot of the hill?
—A group of ______are eating grass and ______.
A. deer; leaves B. cow; leaf C. deer; leaf D. cow; leaves
( )11. I’m thirsty. Would you give me some ______?
A. cakes B. bread C. water D. eggs
( )﹡12. —Would you like _____tea?
—No, thanks I have drunk two ______.
A. any; bottles of orange B. some; bottle of oranges
C. many; bottles of oranges D. some; bottles of orange
( )﹡13. There are a lot of ______down there but hardly any ______.
A. sheeps; people B. sheep; people C. sheeps; peoples D. sheep; peoples
( )14. She wanted to visit her teacher for _____ about her plan.
A. advice B. an advice C. advices D. the advices
( ) 15. The guide has ______. She will show them to us.
A. some old paper B. some special food
C. a new jacket D. some beautiful pictures
( )﹡﹡16. The lady with her little son _____walking along the lake now.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )﹡﹡17. The police _____ for the robbers now.
A. is searching B. are searching C. is searched D. are searched
( )﹡18. Two kilometers _____a long way. You’d better take a taxi.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )﹡19. This pair of glasses ______me well.
A. fit B. fits C. have fitted D. is fitted
( )20. Physics _____a course that every student must take.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
( )21. —______this pair of shoes yours?
—No. My shoes ______under the bed.
A. Is; is B. Are; are C. Is; are D. Are; is
( )﹡22. —What’s on the plate?
—There _____some eggs and cakes on it.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )23. His family all very kind and friendly. His family ____a happy one.
A. are; is B. is; is C. are; are D. is; are
( )﹡24. There are three _____ in the school.
A. John B. Johns C. John’s D. Johns’
( )﹡﹡25. I went to the beach only three _____because I had no _____ last year.
A. time; time B. times; times C. time; times D. times; time

Ⅲ. 用括号内所给名词的适当形式填空
1. There are lots of ____ (tomato) in the basket on the table.
2. Whose ____( photo) are these?
﹡3. The cat caught two ____ (mouse) last night.
4. Jack went to have two ____ (tooth) pulled out yesterday afternoon.
5. There is some ____ (rice) in the bag.
6. There are two new ____ (shelf) in my study.
7. Many ____ (foreigner) come to visit Beijing every year.
8. The shop sells many _____(hat).
﹡9. The _____ (German) are flying to Beijing for their holiday.
10. All these _____ (thief) have been caught.
﹡11. I hope the _____(friend) between us will last for ever.
﹡﹡12. There are three _____(car) factories in my hometown.
13. The people _____(be) looking for a lost boy.
﹡14. There _____(be) two glasses of tea on the table.
﹡15. Here ______(be) some flowers and some money for you.

Ⅰ.
1. advice 2. physics 3. questions 4. hobbies 5. information
6. money 7. Sunday 8. teeth 9. door 10. men

Ⅱ.
1-5 ABDDC 6-10 CACBA 11-15 CDBAD 16-20 ABABC 21-25CBABD
思路分析：
8. A项意为“地方”；B项意为“土地”；C项意为“空间”；D项意为“地板”。根据句意“—哦！公共汽车上没有足够的空间给我们了。—不急。