八年级英语下册 知识点总结与练习教案 湘教版.doc

初二年级上英语知识点总结与练习【知识梳理】I. 重点短语1. give a concert2. fall down3. go on4. at the end of5. go back6. in ahurry7. write down8. come out9. all the year round10. later on 11. at times 12. ring sb. up 13. Happy New Year! 14. have a party 15. hold on16. hear from17. be ready 18. at the moment19. take out 20.the same as21. turn over22. get-together23. put on24. take a seat25. wait for26. get lost27. just then28. first of all29. go wrong30. make a noise31. get on32. get off33. stand in line34. at the head of35. laugh at36. throw about37. in fact38. at midnight39. enjoy oneself40. have a headache41. have a cough42. fall asleep43. again and again 44. look over45. take exerciseII. 重要句型1. be good for sth.2. I think 3. I hope4. I love5. I dont like6. Im sure7. forget to do sth.8. take a message for sb.9. give sb. the message 10. help yourself to sth.11. be famous for sth.12. on ones way to13. make ones way to14. quarrel with sb.15. agree with sb.16. stop sb. from doing sth.III. 交际用语1.Whats the weather like today?2.Its cold, but quite suuny.3.How cold it is today!4.Yes, but itll be warmer later on.5.Shall we make a snowman?6.Ok. Come on!7.Happy New Year!8.May I speak to Ann, please?？9.Hold on, please.10.Thanks a lot for inviting me to your party.11.Ok. But Im afraid I may be a little late.12.Can I take a message for you? 13.Thats OK. It doesnt matter. 14.Im very sorry, but I cant come.15.Im sorry to hear that.16.Happy birthday!17.Would you like .? Would you like to .?18.Do you think .? Yes, I think so. / No, I dont think so.19.Do you agree? Yes, I agree. / No, dont really agree. I really cant agree.20.There are a few / a lot of . / on it.21.So do we.22.Im happy you like it.23.Which is the way to ., please? 24.Turn right/left at the . crossing. 25.Go on until you reach .26.How can I get to .? Go down/up/along this road.27.Whats the matter?28.Itll take you half an hour to . 29.Wed better catch a bus. 30.It may be in . Ah, so it is31.You must be more careful!32.You mustnt cross the road now.33.If you want to cross a street, you must wait for the green light.34.Please stand in line.35.You must wait for your turn.36.If you dont go soon, youll be late.37.I dont feel very well.38.My head hurts.39.You mustnt eat anything until you see the doctor.40.Whats the trouble?41.Whats the matter with?42.She didnt feel like eating anything.43.Nothing serious.44.Have/get a pain in45.No problem.46.Take this medicine three times a day.IV. 重要语法1. 一般过去时；2. 反意疑问句的用法；3. 一般将来时；4. 感叹句；5. 简单句的五种基本句型；6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to的用法；7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句。【名师讲解】1. above/ over/ on 这三个介词都表示“在之上”，但含义不同。on指在某物的表面上，和某物接触；above指在某物的上方，不和某物接触，但也不一定在某物的正上方；over指在某物的正上方，不和某物接触。试比较：There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。I raise my right hand above my head. 我把右手高举过头。There is a stone bridge over the river. 河面上有座石桥。2. forget to do sth./forget doing sth.forget to do sth.意思是“忘记做某事”，实际上还没做；forget doing sth,意思是“忘记做过某事”，实际上已经做过了。试比较：I forgot to tell him the news.我忘记告诉他这条消息了。I forgot telling him the news.我已经把这条消息告诉他了，我却忘了。类似的词还有：remember, regret等。4. be sure to do sth./ be sure of/about sb. or sth. (1)be sure to do sth.可以用来表示说话人给对方提出要求，意思是“务必”，也可以用来表示说话人做出的推断，意思是“一定”，“肯定”。例如：Be sure to lock the door when you leave.你离开时务必把门锁好。Its a good film. You are sure to enjoy it.这是一部好电影，你肯定会喜欢的。(2)be sure of/about sb.or sth. 可用来表示“某人对某事有把握”。例如：Im sure of his success.我相信他会成功。I think it was three years ago, but Im not sure about it.我想那是三年前的事情，但我没有把握。5. hear from/hear of hear意思是“听到”，从哪里听到要用from来表示。例如：Ive heard from Xiao Wu that well start out military training tomorrow.我听小吴说，我们明天开始军训。Listen to the tape and write out what you hear from Han Mei.听录音，并写出你从韩梅那里听到的内容。hear from还有一个意思是“收到某人的来信”（=receive a letter from sb.）。例如：I heard from my pen friend in the U.S.A. last month. 上个月我受到了美国笔友的来信。I heard from her last week. 我上周接到了她的来信。hear of和和hear from含义不同。hear of 意思是“听说”，“得知”（某事或某人的存在），常用在疑问句和否定句里。例如：Who is he? Ive never heard of him.他是谁？我从来没有听说过他。I never heard of such a thing! 这样的事我从来没有听说过。6. Its a pleasure./With pleasure.Its a pleasure这句话常用作别人向你表示致谢时的答语，意思是“那是我乐意做的”。例如：-Thank you for helping me. 谢谢你地帮助。-Its a pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。-Thanks a lot. Bye.非常感谢。 再见。-Its a pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。再见。类似的话还有 “Not at all.” “You are welcome.” “Thats all right.” With pleasure也用作客气的答语，主要用在别人要你做某事，而你又非常愿意去做的场合。例如：-Will you please pass me the newspaper, please? 请你把报纸递给我好吗？-With pleasure. 当然可以。7. seem/look(1)二者都可以作“看起来”讲，但seem暗示凭借一些迹象作出的有根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实；look着重强调由视觉得出的印象。两者都可跟(to be)+形容词和as if从句。如：He seems / looks (to be) very happy today. 他今天看起来很高兴。It looks (seems) as if it it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。(2)但下列情况中只用seem不用look：1)后跟不定式to do时。如：He seems to know the answer. 他似乎知道答案。2)在It seems that .结构中。如：It seems that he is happier now than yesterday.他像比昨天高兴些了。8. be ready to do/be ready for/ get ready to do/get ready for(1)be ready to do和be ready for表示“已作好的准备”，强调状态(2)get ready to do和get ready for表示“为做准备”，强调行为。如：Im ready to do anything you want me to do. 我愿意/随时准备做一切做你要我做的事。Im ready for any questions you may ask.我愿意/随时准备回答你可能问的问题。Hes getting ready to leave for Tokyo.他正准备动身去东京。Lets get ready for the hard moment.我们为这一艰难时刻作好准备吧。(3)be ready to do 通常可理解“乐于做某事”，即思想上总是有做某事的准备。be not ready to do表示“不轻易做某事”。如：Hes usually not ready to listen to others.他通常不轻易听从别人。9. at table/at the tableat table在吃饭，at the table在桌子旁边。例如：The Greens are at table. 格林一家人在吃饭。Mr. Black is sitting at the table and reading a book.布莱克先生坐在桌旁读书。10. reach, arrive/get to 三者都有到达之意。reach是及物动词，后直接加名词，get和arrive是不及物动词，不能直接加名词，须借助于介词。get to后加名词地点，若跟副词地点时，to去掉；arrive at +小地方，arrive in+大地方。如： Lucy got to the zoo before 8 oclock. 露西8点前到了动物园。 When did your parents arrive in Shanghai? 你父母何时到上海的？ It was late when I got home. 我到家时天色已晚。11. sick/ill 二者都是形容词。当“生病的，患病“之意时，ill只作表语，不作定语；而sick既可作表语也可作定语。sick有呕吐，恶心的意思，只能作表语，而ill无此意。如： Li Lei was ill last week. (只作表语)李磊上周生病了。 Hes a sick man. （作定语）他是病人。不能说成：Hes an ill man. My grandfather was sick for a month last year. （作表语）我祖父去年病了一个 月。12. in time/on time in time是及时的意思，on time是准时，按时。如：I didnt get to the bus stop in time. 我没有及时赶上汽车。Well finish our job on time. 我们要按时完成任务。13. may be/maybe It may be in your inside pocket. = Maybe it is in your inside pocket. 也许在你里边的口袋里。第一句中may be是情态动词+be 动词构成的谓语部分，意思是也许是，可能是；第二句中的maybe是副词，意思是可能，常位于句首，不能位于句中，相当于另一副词 perhaps。再如： Maybe you put it in that bag.也许你放在了那只包里。（不能说You maybe put itin that bag.）It may be a hat.那可能是顶帽子。（不能说It maybe a hat. 或It maybe is a hat.）14. noise/ voice/ sound noise 指嘈杂声，噪音大的吵杂声。voice是指说话的声音，嗓音，嗓子。sound是指耳朵能够听到的声音、闹声等。它是表示声音之意的最普通的字。有时还用作科学上的声音。例如： Dont make so much noise! 别那么大声喧哗！ I didnt recognize Johns voice on the telephone. 在电话里我听不出约翰的声 音。He spoke in a low voice. 他低声说话。We heard a strange sound. 我们听到了一种奇怪的声音。Sound travels fast, but light travels faster. 声音传得快，但是光传得更快。【考点扫描】中考考点在本单元主要集中在：1. 一般过去时；2. 反意疑问句的用法；3. 一般将来时；4. 感叹句；5. 简单句的五种基本句型；6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to的用法；7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句；8. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；9. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。考试形式可以是单项填空、完型天空、短文填空和完成句子。【中考范例】1. (2004年长沙市中考试题) -Do you know if we will go to the cinema tomorrow? -I think well go if we _ too much homework. A. will have B. had C. wont have D. dont have【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是条件状语从句的时态。在条件和时间状语从句里通常用一般现在是表示将来的动作。2. (2004年佛山市中考试题) You have been to Tibet, _? I was told that the snow-covered mountains were very beautiful.A. have you B. havent you C. dont you【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是反意疑问句的构成。反意疑问句的前一部分是肯定句，后一部分就应该是否定的疑问部分，而且要和前一部分保持时态上的一致。3. (2004年扬州市中考试题) -Jacky, look at that Japanese sumoist(相扑手). -Wow, _! A. How a fat man B. What a fat man C. How fat man D. What fat man【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是感叹句的构成。这个感叹句省略了主谓部分，只保留了感叹部分。如果以What开头，就应该是What a fat man! 如果是How开头，就应该是How fat!4. (2004年福建省泉州市中考试题) -Thanks for your help. -_ A. It doesnt matter B. Dont thank me C. Youre welcome D. Thats right【解析】答案：C。该题考查的是日常交际用语。回答别人的道谢通常用“Thats all right.”或”Youre welcome.”【满分演练】一. 选择填空1. Dont forget _your book here tomorrow.A. to take B. to bring C. taking D. bringing2. Mrs Brown went to the cinema, _she?A. didnt B. doesnt C. wasnt D. isnt3. It was half past four. Everything _ready.A. is B. was C. are D. were4. -Happy New Year!-_.A. The same to you B. Im glad to hear thatC. Im very happy D. Thank you. Its very kind of you.5. I got up late yesterday. There _no time to have breakfast.A. has B. had C. was D. is6. Thank you for _me to your party.A. invite B. inviting C. to invite D. invited7. -Im sorry I took your pen by mistake yesterday.-_.A. All right B. Thats right C. Right D. Thats all right8. -Thank you for showing me the way!-_.A. The same to you B. It doesnt matterC. Its a pleasure D. Thats right9. -Could I use your computer for a moment?-_.A. Sure B. Really C. Right D. It doesnt matter10. -I just lost my bike.-_.A. I wish you to buy a new oneB. Youd better buy a new oneC. Im sorry to hear thatD. Its always nice to ride a new one二. 选择能代替句中划线部分的词语或短语1.Whats the matter with your mother?A.problem B. question C. message D. wrong2.-Thank you very much.-Its a pleasure.A. Im very glad. B. Thats right.C. It doesnt matter D. Not at all3.What is he doing at the moment?A.now B. a moment ago C. late D later on4.Did you have a good time at the party?A.stay long B. sing and dance C. enjoy yourself D. eat enough 5.-May I speak to John, please?-Certainly.A.Sure. B. I think so. C. Id love to D. Thats all right.6.-Could I speak to Jim, please?-Sorry，he isnt in.A.is at home B. is not at work C. is out D. is free7.There is nothing but an old table in the room.A. many B. some C. any D. only8.Whats the weather like?A. When B. Where C. why D. How9.Please let me look at your photo.A.give me B. pass me C. bring me D. show me 10.Please ask him to ring me up when he comes back.A. see B. help C. call D. thank 三. 完形填空 When I _1_ in London last year, it had one of the thickest fogs(雾) in years. You could _2_ see your hand in _3_ of your face. When evening fell, it became even _4_ . All traffic _5_ to a stop. I decided to walk. A few minutes _6_ , I couldnt find my_7_ . Then I saw a young man and asked him to help me. He agreed. As I was following him _8_ the streets, he told me, “I know this part of London quite well. And the thick fog _9_ to me. You see, Im _10_ .”1.A. is B. was C. am D. are2. A. easily B. hard C. hardly D. even3. A. front B. the front C. back D. the back4. A. bad B. worse C. good D. better5.A. began B. started C. went D came6.A. late B. later C. early D. earlier7.A. road B. way C. street D. home8.A. along B. in C. through D. by9.A. is not good B. does good C. is nothing D. has something10.A. strong B. week C. blind D. clever四. 阅读理解 (A) John was a very famous pianist. When he was a small boy, he once played at a party at the home of a rich man. He was only eight years old. But he had played for several years. At the party he played a famous piece by Beethoven (贝多芬). He played wonderfully. The famous piece has in it several very long rests. In each of these rests he took his hands from the piano and waited. To him this was very exciting. But it seemed that the mother of the rich man thought differently. Finally during one of these rests she came over to him. She touched him on the head with a smile and said, “My boy, why dont you play us what you know well?” 根据短文内容判断正误：正确的答“A”，错误的答“B”。 1.John once played the piano at a party when he was only a little boy.2.John began to play the piano at the age of eight.3.In each of the rests John took his hands from the piano because he felt tired.4.The rich mans mother did not think John played the piece well.5.I n fact the mother of the rich man knew the piece well. (B) One day, we had an English class. The teacher saw a boy reading a picture book and said, “Tom, what do you usually do after lunch?” Tom nervously(紧张地)got up from his seat, but he did not know what to answer. He thought for some time and then said, “Wait for supper.” The teacher was displeased and just at that moment, he saw another boy asleep. The teacher was getting a little angry now, but he was trying not to show it. Then he asked, “And you, Joke?” As Joke was asleep, of course, he could not hear what the teacher had said. His deskmate(同桌) woke him up. Joke stood up quickly and answered in a loud voice, “So do I”.1.This story happened_.A. in the teachers office B. after lunchC. in class D. a home2.Toms answer made the teacher _.A. angry B. displeased C. surprising D. laughing3.The teacher asked Joke _.A.what he wanted to do after classB.what he did in classC.the same question as he asked TomD.to help Tom4.Jokes answer meant that_.A.he knew what to do and what not to do after lunchB.he did the same thing as Tom didC.he read a picture-bookD.he did many things after lunch5.From the above story we can see that _. A. Joke did not know what question the teacher had askedB.Tom did well in his lessonsC.Joke was good at his lessonsD.Tom and Joke worked hard at their lessons (C) Mrs Black, the wife of a rich business man, invited some of her friends to have lunch. She wanted to try a new way of cooking a fish, and she was very pleased with herself when the dish was ready. As the dish was very hot, she put it near the open window to cool for a few minutes. But, five minutes later, when she came back for it, she was shocked(震惊)to find the neighbours cat at the dish. She was in time to stop the car. That afternoon was successful and everyone enjoyed the dish very much. They talked and laughed till four oclock. At the end of the afternoon, when she was alone again, Mrs Black felt