AmericanHisory美国历史PPT课件.ppt

ExercisesI.Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1.Thestateofisthelargestinareaofallthestates.A.AlaskaB.Hawaii C.TexasD.Florida2.ThelargestriverintheU.S.is.A.theMissouriRiverB.theMississippiRiverC.theOhioRiverD.theColoradoRiver3.SomeoftheworldfamousuniversitieslikeHarvard,YaleandMITarelocated.A.intheSouth B.alongthePacificCoastC.inNewEnglandD.intheMidwest4.islocatedontheU.S.CanadianborderbetweenLakeErieandLakeOntario.A.YellowstoneNationalParkB.TheGrandCanyonC.NiagaraFallsD.TheGreatSaltLakeExercises5.ThenativeAlaskanpopulationincludesthefollowingexceptthe.A.IndiansB.EskimosC.AleutsD.Blacks6.ThelargestminorityintheUnitedStatesisthe.A.PacificIslandersB.BlacksC.NativeAmericansD.Asians7.TheImmigrantsActof1924restrictedthefurtherimmigrationintotheUnitedStates,particularlyfrom.A.EuropeB.AsiaC.AfricaD.SouthAmerica8.ThecharacteristicofdominantAmericancultureis.A.English-speaking,northernEuropean,RomanCatholicandmiddle-classB.English-speaking,westernEuropean,RomanCatholicandupper-classC.English-speaking,northernEuropean,Protestantandupper-classD.English-speaking,westernEuropean,Protestantandmiddle-classExercisesII.ReadthefollowingstatementscarefullyanddecidewhethertheyareTrueorFalse.1.TheeasternhighlandsformedbytheAppalachiansholdonethirdofthecountryscontinentalterritory.2.TheclimateintheUnitedStatescanbeclassifiedastemperate,withsomemildsubtropicalandtropicalzones.3.AlmostthroughthemiddleoftheUnitedStates,northtosouth,runsawell-known50-centimeterrainfallline.4.NewYorkisthecommercialandfinancialcenteroftheUnitedStates,anditiscomposedoffiveboroughsincludingManhattan,Brooklyn,theBronx,StatenIsland,andQueens.Exercises5.SanFranciscoisthesecondlargestcityafterNewYorkandtheworldfamousHollywoodandDisneylandarelocatedhere.6.Duringthe1830sand1840s,manynorthernEuropeansandIrishimmigrantscametoAmerica.7.AlmosthalfoftheimmigrantscomingtotheUnitedStatesinthe1980swereAsians.8.BasicAmericanculturalvaluesarefreedom,equalityanddesiretoworkhardforahigherstandardofliving.American HistoryChapter 9 American HistoryI.America in the Colonial EraII.The American War of IndependenceIII.The American Civil WarIV.America in the 20th CenturyV.America in the 21st CenturyColonization of North America(1607-1776)Indians1The discovery of America2Early Colonial Era 3Indians:The“first Americans”The Discovery of the New WorldAmerigo VespucciChristopher ColumbusWhy did the early settlers come to America?OpportunityItdrewEnglish merchantswhodreamedofestablishinggreatnewestatesoutofthewildness.Itdrewcarpenters,bakers,tailorsandotherskilled workmenwhocouldnotfindjobinEngland.Itdrewthe poor and the homelessfromfarmlandsandvillages.ItdrewmanyEnglishinsearchofreligious freedomThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonyintheAmericaswasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia,in1607;thesettlementwasfinancedbyaLondoncompanywhichexpectedtomakeaprofitfromthesettlement.Jamestown：詹姆斯敦English SettlementsIn 1620,a tiny ship called the“May flower”sailed from England for the New world,with 102 passengers.50%were Pilgrims.Landed in what is now Plymouth(普利茅斯),Massachusetts.Pilgrim FathersThe PuritansThe Puritans were wealthy,well-educated gentlemen.They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution,the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.In1621,thepuritansgatheredinalargecropandthesettlersfixedadatetocelebratetheirharvestinordertoexpresstheirthankstoGodandthehelpoftheIndians.ThisisthebeginningoftheholidaycalledThanksgiving.ThanksgivingDay:(美国是11月的第四个星期四)English SettlementsThe Founding of the 13 ColoniesBetween1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.The Founding of the 13 ColoniesUnlikemostothernations,theUnitedStatesneverhadafeudalaristocracy.LandwasplentifulandlaborwasscarceincolonialAmerica,andeveryfreemanhadanopportunitytoachieveeconomicindependence,ifnotprosperity.TheEnglishkingappointedmanyofthecolonialgovernors,buttheyallhadtoruleincooperationwithanelectedassembly.Votingwasrestrictedtolandowningwhitemales.BritaincouldnotexercisedirectcontroloverherAmericancolonies.Thecolonistsweretooindependent-minded.The British government began to charge newtaxestheStamp Act印花税法案.The Causes of the American RevolutionBritains victory of the Seven Years war leddirectlytoaconflictwithitsAmericancolonies.TheBritish government argued that Britain had spentlarge sums of money to defend their Americancoloniesinthosewars,sothecolonistsshouldpayapartoftheexpenses.The Quartering Act驻 军 食 宿 法 passed by BritishParliamentforced the colonies to house and feedBritishsoldiers.ButtheAmericansfearedthatnewtaxeswould make trading difficult,and thatBritish troops stationed in the coloniesmightbeusedtocrushthecivillibertieswhichthecolonistshadenjoyed.How was the War of Independence started?The“Boston Tea Party”OnDecember16,1773,whenshipsofteareachedBostontobedistributed,severaldozenBostonresidentsboardedtheshipatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintotheharbor.Where theres oppression,theres revolution.First Continental CongressInSeptember,1774,theFirst Continental Congress,ameeting of colonial leaders who opposed Britishoppressioninthecolonies,metin.disobeytheIntolerableActstoboycottBritishtradebegantoorganizemilitias民兵组 织and store weapons todefendthemselvesPhiladelphia费城The War of IndependenceThe start of the warOnApril18,1775,about1,000BritishsoldiersweresentfromBostontoseizethemilitarysuppliesoftheAmericanmilitia.WhentheyarrivedatLexingtontheyweremetbythearmedmilitiamen.SuddenlyashotwasfiredandtheWarofIndependencebegan.Second Continental CongressInMay,1775,aSecond Continental Congress metinPhiladelphia:began to assume the functions of a national government.foundedaContinental ArmyandNavyunderthecommandofGeorge Washington.OneofthefoundingfathersoftheUnitedStates.TheCommander-in-chiefoftheContinental Army(大 陆 军 总 司 令)in theAmericanRevolution.ThefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates.Fatherofhiscountry美国国父(1732 1799)George Washington:Declaration of IndependenceDraftedby,assistedbyand.AdoptedbytheCongresson.TheDeclarationofficiallyproclaimedtheindependence of 13 North American colonies.John Adams(1735-1826)Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826)Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)Thomas JeffersonJohn AdamsBenjamin FranklinJuly 4，1776allmenwereequalandthattheywereentitled to have some unalienablerights such as life,liberty and thepursuit of happiness.the powers of governments came from theconsentofthegovernedandthepurposeofgovernmentswastosecuretherightsmentionedabove.It declared:It also explained the philosophy of governments:Thetheoryofpoliticsandtheguidingprinciplesof the American Revolution mainly came from .(1632 1704)John LockeHewasanEnglishphilosopherregardedasoneofthemostinfluentialofEnlightenmentthinkers.An Essay Concerning Human Understanding人类理解论Lockenevermarriednorhadchildren.Declaration of IndependenceOn July 4,1776,the Congress formally declared the independenceTheDeclarationstates:“Weholdthesetruthstoself-evident:Thatallmenarecreatedequal;thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights;thatamongthesearelife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned;thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishit,”Thomas Jefferson“我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权力，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权力。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除”The Battle of SaratogaDate17th October 1777Place:Saratoga in New York StateCombatants:British and German troops VS.the Americans and Result:Turning PointAn alliance between the U.S and FranceThe Battle of YorktownDate:October 1781Place:VirginiaCombatants:Americans and French Vs.the British The Battle of YorktownThe first official flagThe United States of America was bornSigned by John Adams,Benjamin Franklin,andJohn Jay(representingtheUnitedStates)David Hartley(a member of the BritishParliamentrepresentingtheBritishMonarch)recognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStatesandgrantedthenewnationalltheterritorynorthofFlorida,southofCanadaandeastoftheMississippiRiver.TheWarofIndependencecametoanendin1781withthevictoryofNorthAmericaWhats the influence of the War of Independence?*It had great international influence.*ThecoloniesinSpanishAmericaroseuponeafteranothertooverthrowSpanishcolonialrules.*TheFrenchRevolution*AftertheWarofIndependence,capitalism gotachanceforfreerdevelopment.*Territorial expansionIn1788,13coloniesbecometheUnitedStatesofAmericaBy1796,afewmorestateshavebeencreated.AmericabuysLouisianafromFrancein1803The Louisiana Purchase （1803）By1837,newstateshavebeencreatedaroundtheMississippi.By1850,OregonandCaliforniabecomestates.1843:OnethousandpeopletraveltoOregon1848:USAwinsTexasintheMexicanWar1849:Californiagoldrush1862:AnewlawgivesfreelandtosettlersThe Situation Before the War P114Three Great Tides“Westward Movement”Two economic systems in the North and the South North Capitalist Economy South Plantation The Growth of the working classUncle Toms CabinUncle Toms Cabin1852Harriet Beecher Stowe An antislavery novel which had great political influence.So this is the little lady who made this big war.“-LincolnAmerican CivilWarIn1860,withtheNorthsupport,Lincolnwontheelection.Then11statesproclaimedthemselvesanindependentnationtheConfederateStatesofAmerica,andtheAmericancivilWarbegan.Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln解放黑奴宣言解放黑奴宣言解放黑奴宣言解放黑奴宣言Union States and Confederation StatesFall of Fort Sumter Started Civil WarFort Sumter A fort in Charleston harbor,South Carolina,where on April 12,1861,the troops of the Confederacy fired the shots,that began the Civil WarUnion army Vs.Confederate army23 states(3/4)Industrial superiorityAbundant facilitiesMerchant marines,navyWealthy(2/3)11 states Agricultural Military.Preparing for the war.Superior military leadership.Robert E.LeeFighting on its own soilEmancipation Proclamation-On January 1,1863,Lincoln issuedthe Emancipation Proclamation,which granted freedom to all slaves in areas controlled by the confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union,to a war to abolish slaveryBattle of Gettysburg(July 1863)The turning point Gettysburg Address“Government of the People by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth”民有、民治、民享的政府将不致从地球上消失American Civil WarOnApril2,1865,LeewasforcedtoabandonRichmond,theConfederatecapital.Aweeklater,hesurrenderedtoGrantatAppomattoxCourtHouse,andallotherCmander-in-chief commander-in-chief Of the Union army inOf the Union army in the Civil War.He the Civil War.He was 18th president was 18th president of U.S.of U.S.Ulysses Simpson Grant 格兰特Commander-in-chief Commander-in-chief of the Confederate of the Confederate army in the Americanarmy in the AmericanCivil War.Civil War.Robert LeeRobert Lee罗伯特罗伯特 李将军李将军2024/3/15 周五45American Civil WarOnApril14,1865,LincolnwasassassinatedbytheactorJohnWilkesBooth,asympathizerwiththeSoutherncause.O Captain!My Captain!O Captain!My Captain!our fearful trip is done;The ship has weatherd every rack,the prize we sought is won;The port is near,the bells I hear,the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel,the vessel grim and daring:But O heart!heart!heart!O the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.Significance and Effect of the War TheCivilWarwasanepoch-makingeventinAmericanhistory.Itwasabourgeoisrevolutioninnature.ThewarresolvedtwofundamentalquestionsthathaddividedtheUnitedStatessince1776.Itputanendtoslavery,whichwascompletelyabolishedbythe13thAmendmenttotheConstitutionin1865.Italsodecided,onceandforall,thatAmericawasnotacollectionofsemi-dependentstates,butasingleindivisiblenation.美国南北战争是美国历史上第二次资产阶级革命，虽然伤亡人数超过100万，但它废除了黑人奴隶制度，维护了国家统一，为美国资本主义的加速发展扫清了道路，并为美国跻身于世界强国之列奠定了基础。Reconstructionera(18651877)The 13th Amendment,ratified in December 1865,ended slavery in the United States.South responded by creating white terrorist society-KKK(Ku Klux Klan)The Gilded Age 1865 to 1890KKK The Ku Klux Klan was originally founded by veterans of the Confederate Army in the southern states after the Civil War to oppose social change and black emancipation by violence and terrorism.Members disguise themselves in white robes and hoods,and often use a burning cross as a symbol of their organization.Its main purpose was to resist Reconstruction,and it focused on putting down the freed slaves(奉行白人至上主义，美国种族主义的代表性组织)Economic Development Theodore Roosevelt“Big Stick”WW I and the US The United States in the 1920s The Great Depression and the New Deal WWII and the USAmerican History(1900-1945)TheodoreRooseveltTheBigStick:ItwastakenfromanAfricanproverb,SpeaksoftlyandcarryaBigstick;youwillgofar.手持大棒口如蜜,走遍天涯不着急(SmilingSoftlybutCarryingaBigStick)thepolicyofaggressionandexpansion.TheodoreRooseveltPresidentTheodoreRooseveltscontributionswerethreefold:(1)thewithdrawalof200millionacresofpubliclandasforestreserveandinitiationoflarge-scaleirrigationprojectssuchastheRooseveltDaminArizonaandunderthesupervisionoftheFederalgovernment;(2)theactiveuseoftheShermanAntitrustActtostopmonopolisticbusinessmergers;and(3)theadoptionoftheHepburnActof1906toregulaterailroadpricesanddoawaywithrebates(reductions).World War l1914-1918the Central Powers Vs.the AlliesNeutrality Pro-Ally partialityCauses that made the U.S.enter the war(PP.115)World War lMajorEuropeanpowersweredividedintotwomilitaryblocs:TheTripleAlliance-Germany,AustriaandItalyTheTripleEntente-Britain,FranceandRussialAmericanneutralityWorld War lCauses that made the U.S.enter the war:1)GermanusedsubmarinetosinkshipsgoingtoEngland,itwouldhurtAmericantrade.2)GermansSchemeofAlliancewithMexico.3)GermanysentspiestodestroythefactoriesorshipsofUS.4)bothfightingsidesgrowweary.The Paris Peace ConferenceAftertheendofWWI,27victoriousnations(includingChina)AttendedonJan.18th,1919Todividethespoilsandredividethecolonies.ControlledbyAmerica,England,France,ItalyandJapan.TreatywassignedatVersailles.The Versailles TreatyThepeacetreatywasfinallysignedatVersaillesnearParis,onJune28,1919.ButtheU.S.CongressrefusedtoratifythetreatyasalmostthepointsWilsonhadproposedwererejected.Post WWI to the 1940sThe booming 1920s The1920selectionthefirstforwomenvotedforapresidentialcandidate.prevailingprosperity,conservativegovernmentalpolicyprivatebusinessreceivedsubstantialencouragementThe False Prosperity in the 1920s1920s=boom,prosperity,isolationisma period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessnessThe Great Depression1930s=Great Depression,the New DealThe stock market crash in1929Massive unemployment,factory and mill closings,and mortgage foreclosuresThe trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange just after the crash of 1929.On Black Tuesday,October twenty-ninth,the market collapsed.In a single day,sixteen million shares were traded-a record-and thirty billion dollars vanished into thin air.Cynical New York hotel clerks asked incoming guests,You want a room for sleeping or jumping?Withdrawal of CashHoover