2018高考英语大题精做08完形填空说明文.doc

完形填空说明文
说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为：
1. 开头点题
在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。
2.结构清晰
说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。
3.难度较大
说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。
4.遣词用字简练
说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。
5.条理清晰
说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。
【解题技巧】
1. 快速弄清文章大意
对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。
2. 弄清楚说明的顺序
把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。
3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节
把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。
4. 注重上下文语境
应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。
5. 熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：
（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。
（2）语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。
（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。
（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。

Cloze 1（2016·上海卷）
体裁
文章话题
词数
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自测正确率
说明文
一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。
382
15分钟
★★★☆☆

In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
【文章大意】本文是说明文，介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。
正确。
5. C 根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，此处是说，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C项正确。
6. B refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献，导致；object to反对；apply to适用于。此处是说，亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。
7. A agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。此处是说，亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同协商的基础上的，西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。

12. B economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地。根据后句Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B项正确。
13. D deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
14. A virtual虚拟的；ineffective无效果的，低效率的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的。根据后句where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行管理的方法故A项正确。
15. C opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力。根据后半句＂in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them＂可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品，而不是他们的工作时间。故C项正确。

Cloze 2（2014·新课标全国卷I）
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说明文
各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。
249
17分钟
★★★☆☆

As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this 　1　at work in people of all 　2　.For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 　3　with their new toys. But their 　4　soon wears off and by January those 　5　toys can be found put away in the basement. The world is full of 　6　stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone’s 　7　interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child 　8　bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the 　9　of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great 　10　but are soon looking forward to 　11　.The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many 　12　, who now complain (抱怨) about the long drives to work, 　13　drove for hours at a time when they first 　14　their driver’s licenses(执照)?Before people retire, they usually 　15　to do a lot of 　16　things, which they never had 　17　to do while working. But 　18　after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they 　19　.And, like the child in January, they go searching for new 　20　.
1. A. principle B. habit C. way D. power
2. A. parties B. races C. countries D. ages
3. A. working B. living C. playing D. going
4. A. confidence B. interest C. anxiety D. sorrow
5. A. same B. extra C. funny D. expensive
6. A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed C. newly-collected D. half-filled
7. A. broad B. passing C. different D. main
8. A. silently B. impatiently C. gladly D. worriedly
9. A. promise B. burden C. right D. game
10. A. courage B. calmness C. confusion D. excitement
11. A. graduation B. independence C. responsibility D. success
12. A. children B. students C. adults D. retirees
13. A. carefully B. eagerly C. nervously D. bravely
14. A. required B. obtained C. noticed D. discovered
15. A. need B. learn C. start D. plan
16. A. great B. strange C. difficult D. correct
17. A. time B. money C. skills D. knowledge
18. A. only B. well C. even D. soon
19. A. lost B. chose C. left D. quit
20. A. pets B. toys C. friends D. colleagues
【文章大意】本文通过举例说明这样一个道理：各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。
1. A 其实，我们可从各年龄段的人们身上看到这个准则是如何起作用的。第一段的第一句出现短语As a general rule，本空填principle呼应名词rule。

13. B 而当他们刚刚拿到驾照时，他们翘首企盼(eagerly)一次开好几个小时。eagerly＂渴望地＂，符合文意。
14. B obtain＂得到＂。这里指考取驾照。
15. D 在退休前，人们通常计划(plan)做很多事情。
16. A 这些事情是他们上班时没有时间做的大事(great things)。
17. A 参见上题解析。他们上班太忙了，没有时间(time)做这些事情
18. D 但是，退休后不久(soon)，像打高尔夫、钓鱼、阅读及其他所有的消遣方式都变得没有意思了。
19. C 那些消遣方式就像他们刚离开(leave)的工作一样，非常乏味。
20. B 这些退休老人遭遇的处境，就像一月的孩子一样，开始找新玩具(toys)，寻求刺激了。
Cloze 3（2012·新课标全国卷Ⅰ）
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文章话题
词数
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说明文
身势语在交际中的重要性
246
18分钟
★★★★☆

Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks 　1　than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more 　2　than we realize. In fact, non-verbal(非言语) communication takes up about 50% of what we really 3　. And body language is particularly 　4　when we attempt to communicate across cultures. Indeed, what is called body language is so 　5　a part of us that it’s actually often unnoticed.And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. 　6　, different societies treat the 　7　between people differently. Northern Europeans usually do not like having 　8　contact(接触)even with friends, and certainly not with 　9　. People from Latin American countries, 　10　, touch each other quite a lot. Therefore, it’s possible that in 　11　, it may look like a Latino is 　12　a Norwegian all over the room. The Latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving 　13　. The Norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep 　14　— which the Latino will in return regard as 　15　.
Clearly, a great deal is going on when people 　16　. And only a part of it is in the words themselves. And when parties are from 　17　cultures, there’s a strong possibility of 　18　. But whatever the situation, the best 　19　is to obey the Golden Rule: treat others as you would like to be 　20　.
1. A. straighter B. louder C. harder D. further
2. A. sounds B. invitations C. feelings D. messages
3. A. hope B. receive C. discover D. mean
4. A. immediate B. misleading C. important D. difficult
5. A. well B. far C. much D. long
6. A. For example B. Thus C. However D. In short
7. A. trade B. distance C. connections D. greetings
8. A. eye B. verbal C. bodily D. telephone
9. A. strangers B. relatives C. neighbours D. enemies
10. A.in other words B. on the other hand
C.in a similar way D.by all means
11. A. trouble B. conversation C. silence D. experiment
12. A. disturbing B. helping C. guiding D. following
13. A. closer B. faster C.in D. away
14. A. stepping forward B. going on C. backing away D. coming out
15. A. weakness B. carelessness C. friendliness D. coldness
16. A. talk B.travel C. laugh D. think
17. A. different B. European C. Latino D. rich
18. A. curiosity B. excitement
C. misunderstanding D. nervousness
19. A. chance B. time C. result D. advice
20. A. noticed B. treated C. respected D. pleased
【文章大意】本文主要讲身势语在交际中的重要性，并举了一些相关的例子。

8.C 根据下文可知，北欧人通常不太喜欢＂身体＂接触。
9.A 本句中提到北欧人甚至不喜欢与朋友进行身体接触，由此可知他们当然不会与＂陌生人＂进行身体接触。
10.B 上一句提到北欧人不喜欢身体接触，而本句提到拉美国家的人身体接触很多，所以用on the other hand，
表示＂另一方面＂，与上文形成对比。
11.B 身势语在＂交谈＂中才能体现出来，其余选项都与交际的关系不密切。
12.D 根据＂People from Latin American countries， , touch each other quite a lot.＂可知，在交谈中，拉丁美洲人看起来总是＂跟着＂挪威人满房间跑。
13.A 由上文内容可知，拉丁美洲人会不断地靠近，以示亲近。
14.C 北欧人不喜欢身体接触，由此可知挪威人很可能认为这种亲近行为很粗鲁并不断＂后退＂。
15.D 拉丁美洲人不断靠近对方以示亲近，可对方不断后退躲避，由此可知，拉丁美洲人会将这种行为看做
＂冷淡＂。
16. A 文叙述的是身势语，身势语属于＂交谈＂的范畴。显然，当人们交谈的时候，很多东西在进行。只有很少一部分是用语言来完成的。

Cloze 1(2017届安徽省＂皖南八校＂高三次联考)
体裁
文章话题
词数
建议时间
难度
自测正确率
说明文
人际交往中一个重要的原则
303
17分钟
★★★☆☆

People are always asking what the most important element to a healthy relationship is. The 　1　is there are many. But there is one really important thing that all great and healthy relationships have in common—　2　. Yes, of course, there are some little 　3　lies even in the best of relationships—　4　surprises or unexpected birthday parties—but the truth is that happy couples communicate honestly and don’t 　5　to protect their own interests. So how can you have more open 　6　in your own relationship?
First, remember that honesty is the best policy even 　7　your partner might not like what you have to say. Yes, it may be 　8　to tell your guy that you don’t like one of his friends. But lying or holding things　9　will make things worse in the long run.
The next thing to be 　10　is to say what you have to say 　11　. If your partner feels  　12　,he will be less  　13　to what you have to say and may even become defensive. Your delivery is of utmost importance when you are discussing sensitive issues. Think through what you want to say 　14　before you bring it up. You don’t want to 15　the person that you love. You just want them to be 　16　of the truth.
One last thing to keep in mind about communicating openly is that it enhances your relationship. If you aren’t honest about any dirty little 　17　you may have, they will probably come up eventually and 　18　you in the backside. And if you keep things to yourself, your relationship will not be based on the truth, which  　19　a solid foundation. Hard  　20　the truth may be sometimes, honesty really is the best policy.
1. A. phenomenon B. truth C. theory D. evidence
2. A. honesty B. enthusiasm C. cooperation D. persistence
3. A. red B. purple C. white D. black
4. A. security B. privilege C. anniversary D. ambition
5. A. lie B. bargain C. complain D. interact
6. A. appreciation B. reputation C. selection D. communication
7. A. why B. when C. how D. where
8. A. tough B. immediate C. complicated D. plain
9. A.in B. on C. above D. back
10. A. serious about B. proud of C. expert at D. worthy of
11. A. obviously B. rudely C. nicely D. smoothly
12. A. puzzled B. attacked C. astonished D. satisfied
13. A. creative B. relative C. sensitive D receptive
14. A. slightly B. thoroughly C. frequently D. briefly
15. A. suspect B. convince C. insult D. frighten
16. A. afraid B. aware C. ashamed D. capable
17. A. uniforms B. secrets C. blankets D. courts
18. A. train B. consult C. understand D. bite
19. A. picks out B. turns on C. makes for D. comes across
20. A. although B. while C. until D.as
【语篇解读】文章介绍人际交往中一个重要的原则——要以诚相待。
1.B根据下文＂but the truth is that happy couples communicate honestly＂可知，真相有很多。truth真相。故选B。
2.A根据下文＂communicate honestly＂可知，但是有一个真正重要的，所有非常好的和健康的关系共同具备的东西是诚实。honesty诚实。故选A。

6.D根据下文＂One last thing to keep in mind about communicating openly＂可知，那么你怎样才能在你自己的 关系中进行更坦率的交流呢？communication交流。故选D。
7.B句意：首先要记住即使当你的伙伴也许不喜欢你不得不说的内容时，诚实仍然是最上策。when当…… 时候。故选B。
8.A根据下文＂that you don’t like one of his friends.＂可知，也许告诉你的伙伴你不喜欢他的其中一位朋 友有困难。tough困难的。故选A。

13.D根据下文＂to what you have to say＂可知，他会更不愿意接纳你必须说的。receptive接受的。故选D。
14.B句意：在你谈到某事之前，彻底地想清楚你想要说的。thoroughly完全地，彻底地。故选B。
15.C根据下文＂You just want them to be       of the truth.＂可知，你不想侮辱你爱的那个人。insult侮辱。 故选C。
16.B句意：你只是想他们知晓真相。aware意识到。故选B。
17.B根据下文＂if you keep things to yourself,＂可知，如果你对于你也许有的任何不雅的小秘密不坦诚的话， 它们可能最终会出现，咬你的后背。sec