terms总结.doc

Word: Generally speaking, a word is unification of sounds, meaning syntax feature and is foundamental structural unit of sentence.
Morpheme: It is the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For instance, the word “bark” in “the dog barks” consists of two morphemes “bark” and “-s”, neither of which can be further divided into segments.
Allomorphs: The different morphs which represent or which are denied from one morpheme are called allomorphs of that morpheme. Allomorphs are the alternative phonetic forms or viriants of the same morpheme.
Content morpheme: It is known as free morphemes are those that may constitute words by themselves: cat, walk, kind.
Grammatical morpheme: It is known as bound morphemes arte those that must appear with at least one other morphemes either bound or free: cat +s.
Affixation: The process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root is called affixation.
Conversion: It means using a form that represents one part of speech as another part of speech without changing the form of the word.
Composition: A process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word.
Blending: It is a process of word-formation by which new words are created by combining parts of other words.
Back formation: It is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. It is also known as reverse derivation.
Shortening: It is a method of shortening a word without changing its meaning.
Onomatopoeia: It is the oldest device of word formation used to name a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it.
Motivation: Motivation deals with the connection between name and sense. It is the basis from which things and phenomenon gets the names.
Semantic feature: The linguistic meaning of a word is a set of abstracted characteristics necessary to distinguish the category which the word names from all other categories. These abstracted characteristics are known as semantic feature.
Binary opposition: Conventionally, these minimal components can be symbolized in terms of binary opposition.
Generalization: It is a term of latin origin referring to the to stretching of meaning.
Specialization: It is a term of latin origin referring to the shrinking of meaning.
Elevation: words often rise from a humble beginning to a position of greater importance because of social changes. This is called elevation.
Degeneration: When the meaning of a word narrows toward an unfavorable meaning it is called degeneration.
Hyponymy: It is refers to the relationship which obtains between general and specific lexical items. The latter is included in the former.
Synonymy: lexical items which have the same meaning but differ in morpheme structure, phonological form and usage are synonyms and the relationship between them is synonymy.
Antonymy: This term is used for “oppositeness of meaning” words that are in opposition are antonyms.
Homonymy: Lexical items which have the same phonological or spelling form, but differ in meaning are called homonyms. Such a linguistic phenomenon is referred to as homonymy.
Co-occurrence: It refers to the permitted syntagmatic combination of words.
Selectional restrictions: Collocation can be dealt with according to grammatical rules and the semantic features of lexical items.
English idioms: An idioms is a fixed group of words or a single word, or even a sentence with a special meaning that can not be guessed from its structure.