菲利普津巴多心理学及生活名词解释及重点.doc

一、填空
1、对心理学的定义： Psychology is human and animal psychological activity and behavior of a science. Psychology is the study of human and animal behavior and psychological phenomenon disciplines, both theoretical subject, also is the application subject, including the theories of psychology and applied psychology two fields. We formally define psychology as the scientific study of behavior of individuals and their mental processes.
2、心理学的五个主要流派：
A. The psychodynamic psychology（精神分析心理学）-Sigmund Freud.
B．Behaviorism（行为主义心理学）-John B Watson.
C．Humanistic psychology（人本主义心理学）-Abraham Maslow，Carl Rogers.
D．The cognitive psychology（认知心理学）
E．psychological dynamics（心理动力学）
3、自变量和因变量：
The independent variable is refers to the experimenter wanted to study and influence the experimental results of the variable. It is the factor that the researcher manipulates；it functions as the causal part of the relationship is served by the dependent variable，which is what the experimenter measure.
The dependent variable is a variable that the researcher measures to assess the impact of a variation in an independent variable. It is the independent variable changes and changes of variables
4、EQ 和 IQ：
IQ(Intelligence quotient):An index derived from standardized tests of intelligence.
EQ(Emotional quotient):a type of intelligence，emotional intelligence，that is related to Gardner’s concepts of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence.

5、冯特的研究：
Wundt is psychology laboratory (experimental psychology) founder, is the representative figure of structuralism psychology.Over his research career his interest shifted from questions of body to questions of mind：He wished to understand basic processes of sensation and perception as well as the speed of simple mental processes.

6、知觉：
The processes that organize information in the sensory image and interpret it as having been produced by properties of objects or events in the external，three-dimensional world. To put together and organize the information available from the output of your millions of retinal receptors.

二、名词解释
1、Chunking(组块): The process of taking single items of Information and
recoding them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle

2、Observer bias(观察者偏差):The distortion of evidence because of the personal motives and expectation of the viewer.

3、 Double blind control(双盲控制法) ：an experimental technique in which biased expectations of experimenters are eliminated by keeping both participants and experimental assistants unaware of which participants have received which treatment.

4、Law of effect（效果律）: A basic law of learning that states that the power of a stimulus to evoke a response is strengthened when the response is followed by a reward and weakened when it is not followed by a reward.

5、Think-aloud protocol（大声思维报告法）: Reports made by experimental participants of the mental processes and strategies they use while working on a task.

6、Stereotype threat（刻板印象）: The threat associated with being at risk for confirming a negative stereotype of one’s group.

7、Fight-or-flight response：A sequence of internal activities triggered when an organism is faced with a threat；prepares the body for combat and struggle or for running away to safety；recent evidence suggests that the response is characteristic only of male.

三、简答题
1、Why are reliability and validity important in intelligence testing?
Because the goal of psychological measurement is to generate findings that are both reliable and valid.While reliability and validity reflect a test ability to make accurate predictions about behaviors or outcomes related to the design of the test.
Reliability（信度） is the extent to which an assessment instrument can be trusted to give consistent scores. Reliability refers to the consistency or dependability of behavioral data resulting from psychological testing or experimental research. A reliable result is one that will be repeated under similar conditions of testing at different times.
Validity（效度） is the degree to which it measure what an assessor（主试） intends it to measure. Validity means that the information produced by research or testing accurately measures the psychological variable or quality it is intended to measure .A valid experiment means that the researcher can generalize to broader circumstances，often from the laboratory to the real world.

2、Why do people experience decision aversion（决策的偏转/厌恶）?
Decision aversion is the tendency to avoid to avoid decision making；the tougher the decision，the greater the likelihood of decision aversion.
Because people would expect that adding an option would decrease the share of the other option.The keyto obtaining this effect is to make the decision hard.It’s convenient to put the hard decision off，to wait for more information.
As much as people are averse to making decisions，they are generally happier to make them themselves than to let other people do so for them.

3、Could you explain James-Lange theory of emotion? And please give one example.
A view that emotion stems from bodily feedback became known as James-Lange theory of emotion. It says that perceiving a stimulus causes autonomic arousal and other bodily actions that lead to the experience of a specific emotion. James-Lange theory of emotion is considered a peripheralist theory because it assigns the most prominent role in the emotion chain to visceral reactions，the actions of the autonomic nervous system that are peripheral to central nervous system.
Eg：We feel sorry because we cry，angry because we strike，afraid because we tremble.

4、Describe two examples of how you use stimulus generalization（刺激泛化） and discrimination（分化） in everyday activities.
Stimulus generalization：As a child，I always got sick，and went to hospital frequently. I remember the doctor who gave me medicine to eat wore white uniform，the nurse who gave me a painful injection wore a white uniform，thus，once I was taken to a barbershop，I saw the barber in a white uniform，I felt scared.
Stimulus discrimination：When I first attended a class，I didn’t know what the bell rang meant at first, but the teacher told us，we must sit in our seats as quickly as possible as soon as we heard the bell as it stood for the beginning of the class. The one who didn’t act like that would be reproached and even punished. After a week，everyone in my class knew the bell meant to sit down quickly.

四、论述题
1.测试过程中的刻板印象现象