考研英语语法之三大从句.doc

三大从句一、定语从句定语从句，简言之，就是用来做定语的句子，即用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面，所以我们称之为先行词。而引导定语从句的连词，叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. （一）定语从句的先行词先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。只有正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分，才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子。1. 一个词（通常是名词，也可以是代词） For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.2. 一个短语 During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. 3. 一个从句 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.4. 一个完整的句子 As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of this condition.They are invited to the state banquet, which was a great honor to them.（二）引导定语从句的关系词1. 关系代词关系代词先行词关系代词在从句中所作的成分that人或物做主语、宾语或表语which物做主语、动词或介词的宾语who人做主语whom人做宾语whose人或物做定语，相当于先行词所有格as人或物或整句话做主语It is about YOU, and how you performed and what you accomplished in those past jobs especially those accomplishments that are most relevant to the work you want to do next. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the companys client data, which she intended to draw upon in starting her own business.At the same time, the American Law Institute a group of judges, lawyers and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.2. 关系副词关系副词先行词关系副词在从句中所作成分when表时间的名词when在从句中做时间状语，相当于“介词+which”where含地点意义的名词，除地点外，还有case, situation, point等where在从句中做地点状语，相当于“介词+which”why表理由的名词why在从句中做原因状语，相当于“for which”Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dream, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.（三）定语从句与先行词的隔离考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句，它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词，而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分。这时，靠近关系词的名词就不是先行词了，也就是说定语从句与其所修饰的先行词被分隔，这种分隔有以下三种情况。1. 作主语的先行词 + 谓语部分 + 定语从句当修饰一个主语的定语从句很长，而此主语对应的谓语部分很短时，可以将这个定语从句与先行词分割开来放于谓语之后以保持平衡。这种被分隔的定语从句要注意寻找其对应的先行词，否则很容易出现理解错误。It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific answers.The time is not far away when modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside.2. 先行词 + 其他定语 + 定语从句先行词同时带有多个定语，而其中定语从句比其他定语长，结构也较复杂，此时按照英语尾重原则，把结构复杂的定语从句放在其他定语之后。Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.3. 先行词 + 状语 + 定语从句As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complete ideas.（四）带有插入语的定语从句有些定语从句的关系词后面往往紧跟一个“主谓结构”，如I know, I believe, he claimed, they assume等。这些主谓结构为插入语，不影响定语从句本身的结构，因而也不构成定语从句的主谓语。除表示个人观点的主谓结构之外，定语从句的插入语偶尔还有其他结构。The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meal and drinks, and enables the casino to track the users gambling activities.Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hanburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性非限制性与先行词关系密切，删掉则影响句子的表达与先行词关系不密切，删掉不影响句子意思不用逗号分开一般用逗号分开可用关系词代词that不可用关系代词that当关系代词在从句中做宾语时可省略关系代词不可被省略关系代词可代替（whom做宾语时可用who代替）关系代词不可代替The girl who (whom) you talked to is my girlfriend.The young man had a new girlfriend, whom he wanted to impress.只可修饰先行词，不可修饰主句或主句的一部分既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时一定用逗号分开，只能由which或as引导In our school there are eight foreign teachers who come from Australia. In our school there are eight foreign teachers, who come from Australia.（六）关系代词that与which的区别1. 只能用that的情况分类例示先行词是不定代词all, any, such, one, none, few, a few, little, a little等，或是由其构成的复合词如something, everything, anything, nothing等Much that I have read has been nonsense.先行词被all, any, every, some, (a) few, (a) little, much, no等修饰He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they need.先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或the only/next/same/very等词语修饰This is the best film that I have ever seen.先行词中既包括人又包括物People and cattle in the village that got sick should be treated.2. 只能用which的情况分类例示位于介词后的关系代词只能用which，即：介词 + whichThe total cultivated area is 13,000 acres, of which 10,000 acres are irrigated fields.先行词为those + 复数名词（指物）之后通常用whichLiving in the western part of the country, those problems which we had to face no huge.引导非限制性定语从句用whichHelen was much kinder to her youngest child that she was to the others, which, of course, made the others jealous.（七）关系代词asAs引导的限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有着根本的不同。As引导的限制性定语从句知识用在一些固定结构如suchas，the sameas中，而as引导的非限制性定语从句则没有这种结构上的要求。考研英语主要涉及as引导的非限制性定语从句。1. as引导非限制性定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末，一般以逗号与主句分开，用来替代整个主句。As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, as is often the case in other countries.2. as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别区别例示非限制性定语从句在句首时，只能用as不能用whichAs is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.非限制性定语从句位于主句之后，纯粹表示主句所表述的内容，不带有“如”的意思时，用which不用asThey are invited to the state banquet, which was a great honor to them.非限制性定语从句的关系代词 值得是先行词本身时，只能用which不能用thatThe West Lake, which is one of the world famous scenic spots, is in Hangzhou.3. as引导限制性定语从句Melted iron is poured into the mixer much in the same way as tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us.We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.（八）关系副词whereby相当于by which或through which，即表示“介词，凭这个”。The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.He sees the firms outside status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forth, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.（九）关系副词but当主句有否定意义时，限制性定语从句可以由关系代词but引导，意思相当于whonot, thatnot, whichnot，起到双重否定的作用。but只用于限制性定语从句。There was not one house but was burnt down.There is no mother but loves her own children.（十）介词 + 关系代词1. 介词与定语从句中的实词构成搭配With regard to futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right it can hardly be classed as Literature.Dolphins might be trained to cooperate with fish men and help them by finding, tracking, herding, or even catching fish in all of which activities dolphins are expert.Divorce sets in motion events over which an individual has little control, such as reaction of spouses and children, as well as the uncertainty of new relationship.2. 介词与先行词构成搭配An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.3. 表所属关系或部分与整体关系时用介词ofThis kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.They are groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which is pharmaceutical costs.（十一）定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句对所修饰的名词加以修饰规定，说明其为此人（物）而非彼人（物）。同位语从句则大多由连接词that引导，常跟在表示事实的抽象名词，如fact, news, information, order, belief, reply, answer, saying等后面，用来解释说明这些词的具体含义与内容。区别例示That在定语从句中必须担当成分，而在同位语从句中不但当成分The news that the leader will come here, is not true. The news that you told me last week is not true. 同位语从句在关系词前加is后，句子成立，定语从句则不成立The news that the leader will come here is not true. - The news is that the leader will come true. The news that you told me last week is not true.- The news is that you told me last week. 练习：Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers.They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue.二、名词性从句所谓名词性从句就是把这个句子当做名词使用，并在主句中充当一定的成分。名词性从句在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语。于是我们就有了常说的的四种名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。名词性从句一律用陈述语气。从句引导词连词连接代词连接副词主语从句that, whether, if (不能放句首)what, whatever, who, whoever, whose, whosever, which, whicheverwhen, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why表语从句that, whether, because, as, as if, as thoughwhen, where, how, why宾语从句that, whether, ifwhen, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why同位语从句that, whether（一）主语从句1. 由that引导的主语从句 that引导的主语从句是最常见的主语从句，但把that从句放在句首是非常少见的，只有为了强调或谓语较长时，that从句才放句首。一般而言，that从句都借助形式主语it而放在句子后半部分去。主语从句无论出现在哪里，that都不能省略。It be + 名词 + that从句It is a pity/a fact/good news/no wonder/common knowledge that It be + 形容词 + that从句It is possible/certain/necessary/ likely/fortunate that It be + 过去分词 + that从句It is believed/said/reported/generally thought/has been found out/should be noted thatIt + 不及物分词 + that从句It seems/happens/follows/turns out that 其他结构It occurs to sb./ draws upon sb./ makes no difference/ doesnt need to be bothered/ is of little consequence that It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.It is no mystery to me why many teenagers appear apathetic and burned out, with a “been there, done that” air of difference toward much of it.2. 由连接代词what或whatever引导的主语从句 What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings.（二）宾语从句1. 宾语从句的时态 宾语从句和其他名词性从古不同，它的时态会受到主句时态的限制。当主句是现在的时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定（可以是任意时态）。But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. 当主句是过去的时态时（一般过去时、过去进行时），从句的时态要变为相应的过去的时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.但某些特殊的动词如suggest, insist, order, urge, recommend等动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。详见虚拟语气。2. 介词引导的宾语从句“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We wont retreat in the face of any threats.”介词后一般不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，但以下几个介词除外：besides, but, except, in。其中前三个与that连用，引导条件状语从句，in that引导原因状语从句。这些介词和后面的that已被当成固定搭配做复合连接词使用。I could say nothing but that I was sorry. I know nothing about him except that he was an engineer.He differed from the people in that he always looked farther ahead in his work.3. doubt、sure后面的宾语从句 我怀疑是否：I doubt whether/if he is telling the truth.我毫不怀疑的是：I dont doubt that he is telling the truth.我不确定是否: I am not sure whether/if the news was true.我确信：I am sure that he can do it well.4. 某些形容词后面的宾语从句在表示直觉、感情等的形容词如sure, afraid, glad, certain等之后，如果跟宾语从句，则升去介词，若跟名词作宾语时，则不能省略介词。I am afraid that I will be late. = I am afraid of being late.I am glad that my classmates will attend my birthday party. = I am glad that my classmates/ attending my birthday party.（三）表语从句作表语的从句即为表语从句。一般置于系动词之后。Perhaps the most commonly voiced objection to volunteer participation during the undergraduate years is that it consumes time and energy that the students might otherwise devote to “academic pursuits”. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable”.一些从属连词和词组如because, as, as if, as though也可以引导表语从句。Thats because quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the drain of rising energy prices.But its not as if earlier times didnt know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents.当句子主语是reason时，表语从句应当由that而不是because来引导，且that可省略。The reason is that modern man seems unable to redesign his institutions fast enough to accommodate the new demands, the new intelligence, the new abilities of segments of society which, heretofore, have not been taken seriously.（四）同位语从句同位语从句的作用是解释说明被修饰的名词，特点是，抽象名词在前，表达具体内容的从句在后面。In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.能被同位语从句修饰的名词多表示概括性意义，如agreement, awareness, assumption, belief, conclusion, conviction, concept, doubt, decision, determination, evidence, explanation, fact, guarantee, ground, guess, hope, idea, massage, mind, news, notion, opinion, order, observation, ob