限定性定语从句及非限定性定语从句.doc

一、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
　　　This is the house which we bought last month.　　　这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
　　　The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
　　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
　　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
　　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
　　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
　　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。（疑问：是一定不可以用that引导还是很少用that引导？解答： ）
4）限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别
1.限定性定语从句: 从句不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。
　　非限定性定语从句: 从句可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整 。
　　2.限定性定语从句: 先行词可以用that 引导。
　　非限定性定语从句: 先行词不可以用that 引导。
　　3.限定性定语从句: 引导词有时可以省略。
　　非限定性定语从句:引导词不可以省略。
　　4.限定性定语从句:主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开。
　　非限定性定语从句:主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。
　　5.限定性定语从句: 从句只修饰先行词。
非限定性定语从句:从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。
5）功能和形式方面的区别
　　为什么说 限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：
　　1.Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are located
　　为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。
　　2.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
　　洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。
　　3.They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
　　他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。
　　非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句或句中某个成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如：
　　Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
　　更早之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。
　　（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。）
　　The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
　　卫星能传输信息，计算机能储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。
　　（此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ，computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为：The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）　
　　The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .
　　太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。
　　（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情）。　The old man has a son , who is in the army .
　　那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。
　　（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是："这位老人只有一个儿子" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句："The old man has a son who is in the army . "那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作"，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作）
二.特殊的固定搭配
1）stop to do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing　停止做某事。
　　They stop to smoke a cigarette.　 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
　　I must stop smoking.　　　　　 我必须戒烟了。

典型例题
　 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___　on a big rock by the side of the path.　
A. to have rested　B. resting　 C. to rest　D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
2）forget to do　忘记要去做某事。　(未做)
　forget doing　忘记做过某事。　　(已做)
　The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
　办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
　He forgot turning the light off.
　他忘记他已经关了灯了。　　　 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
　Don't forget to come tomorrow.
　别忘了明天来。　　　　　　　　 (to come动作未做)

典型例题
　---- The light in the office is still on.
　---- Oh，I forgot___.　　　　　　　　　　
　 A turning it off　 B. turn it off　 C. to turn it off　 D. having turned it off
　 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
3）remember to do 记得去做某事　　　　 (未做)
　remember doing　记得做过某事　　　 (已做)

Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
4）regret to do　 对要做的事遗憾。　　　　　(未做)
regret doing　 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。　　(已做)
　　I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
　　I don't regret telling her what I thought.　
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do　 B. to be doing　 C.　to have done　 D.　having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
5）
cease to do　 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing　 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做

　　That department has ceased to exist forever.
　　那个部门已不复存在。
　　The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
　　姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
6）try to do　　努力，企图做某事。
　try doing　 试验，试着做某事。

You must try to be more careful.
　你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
7）go on to do　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing　 继续做原来做的事。
　 After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
　 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
　 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
　 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
8）
be afraid to do　不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；
be afraid of doing　担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
9）interested to do　　 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
　interested in doing　 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?　 (一种想法)
10）mean to do　 打算、想
　mean doing　意味着
　I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
　我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
　To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
　赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
11）begin / start to do sth
　begin / start doing sth.

1)　谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.
　 How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
　 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2)　begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do
　　I was beginning to get angry。
　　我开始生起气来。
3)　在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。
　　I begin to understand the truth。
　　我开始明白真相。
4)　物作主语时
　　It began to melt.
12) 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel do　 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

　I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)
　I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）
　昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

典型例题
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.　
　 A. grow　 B. grew　 C. was growing　 D. to grow
　 答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.　
　A. playing　 B. to be playing　　C. play　　D. to play
　答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
三.宾补
宾语补足语一般句型"复合谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语"在英语中使用很广，宾语补足语用来说明宾语的情况，能带宾语补足语的动词常见的有make,keep,find.think,name,call,hear,seem,leave等．
　　如：Books gave me knowledge and make me happy　书能给予我知识并使我快乐．
　　She found him a very clever boy.
名词做宾补
　　2.He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.
形容词做宾补
　　3.Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister.
副词做宾补
　　4. To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.
介词短语做宾补
　　5. I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window.
现在分词
　　6.I was absent-minded when I heard my name called.
不定式做宾补
　　1).to do
　　The villagers did not allow them to build a factory there.
　　ask tell beg force wish want expect advise permit order persuade
　　2) 省略 to 的不定式
　　We saw the car stop.
　　I made him change his mind
　　被动语态:
　　The car was seen to stop.
　　He was made to change his mind.
　　感官动词:see watch notice look at observe
　　feel hear listen to
　　使役动词: make let have
　　一感二听三让四观看
　　一感:feel
　　二听:hear, listen to
　　三让:let, have, make
　　四观看:observe, see, watch, look at
　　8 从句做宾补
　　We will make our hometown what your hometown is now.
　　9.注意: it 做形式宾语
　　结构:
　　主+谓语+ it +宾补+真正宾语
　　I found it pleasant to be with your family.
　　We think it our duty that we should help the poor.
　　Choose the best answers.
　　宾语补足语和宾语从句是有不同的
　　它是补充说明宾语状态及动作的短语或形容词。
　　其实宾语补足语和宾语从句是有不同的，功能上的差距：
　　宾语是主语动作的承受者，而宾语补足语是对宾语的补充说明。
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