第二节-工程用钢及其应用讲解学习.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第二节 工程用钢及其应用,按,质量,分：,普通质量、优质、特殊质量钢。S，P含量低则质量高。,按,用途,分：,结构钢、工具钢、特殊性能钢等。,汽车曲轴,医疗器械,2、钢的牌号（编号）,2）,优质碳素结构钢,如,45,钢，,w,C,=0.45%,1）,碳素结构钢和低合金高强度钢,例：,Q235AF,表示:,s,235 MPa,（碳素钢：Q235275）,质量等级：,A,（分,AE，A,级最差，P、S含量最高）,脱氧方法：沸腾钢,3）,非合金易切钢,如,Y20，,w,C,=0.2%,，易切削结构钢。,4碳素工具钢,如,T12A,，,w,C,=1.2%,，,A,表示高级优质。,5、,合金钢,结构钢 如,60Si2Mn（,w,C,=0.6%，,w,Si,=2%，,w,Mn,1.5%）,工具钢、特殊性能钢,如,9SiCr（,w,C,=0.9%，,w,Si,、,w,Cr,均1.5%）；CrWMn（,w,C,1.0%）,专用钢 如,滚,动轴承钢,GCr15（,w,C,=1.0%，,w,Cr,=1.5%）。,3、钢中的杂质元素及合金元素,1）杂质元素对钢的性能的影响,锰,（0.25-0.80%）：有益,脱氧剂；降低FeO脆性；,Mn+SMnS（降低S的有害作用）热加工性能；,固溶强化,磷,：有害,Fe,3,P 在 100时脆性大,冷脆,硫,：有害,985 时形成（Fe+FeS）,热脆,硅,：有益,脱氧脆性；,固溶强化,氧、氮、氢,：有害,强度、塑性、韧性,2）合金元素在钢中的作用,存在形式,形成,固溶体,在,和,中无限固溶,形成,碳化物,间隙相MC与间隙MC,形成,非金属夹杂物,Al,2,O,3,、SiO,2,、AlN等,形成,金属间化合物,FeSi、FeCr、Fe,2,W,以,游离态,形式存在Cu、Ni,对钢中基本相的影响,强化铁素体,形成合金F，产生,固溶强化,。,形成碳化物,稳定性，熔点、硬度比Fe,3,C高得多。,类 型,特 征,举 例,特 点,特殊碳化物,r,C,/r,M,0.59,(Fe,Mn),3,C,熔点较低，稳定性较差，对相变影响较大,对Fe-C相图的影响,研究合金元素对,奥氏体,的影响,二、工程结构用钢,1、概述,特点,：低C，塑性好，热轧或正火态使用。,用途,：建筑、桥梁、车船等构件。,建筑构件,钢桥梁,2、,碳素结构钢,碳素结构钢的牌号和化学成分(GB/T700-1988),牌号,等级,化学成分,脱氧方法,w,(C),%,w,(Mn),%,w,(Si),%,w,(S),%,w,(P),%,不大于,Q195,0.06-0.12,0.25-0.50,0.30,0.050,0.045,F,b,Z,Q215,A/B,0.09-0.15,0.25-0.55,0.30,0.050/0.045,0.045,F,b,Z,Q235,A,0.14-0.22,0.30-0.65,0.30,0.050,0.045,F,b,Z,B,0.12-0.20,0.30-0.70,0.30,0.045,0.045,F,b,Z,C,0.18,0.35-0.80,0.30,0.040,0.040,Z,D,0.17,0.35-0.80,0.30,0.035,0.035,TZ,Q255,A/B,0.18-0.28,0.40-0.70,0.30,0.050/0.045,0.045,Z,Q275,0.28-0.38,0.50-0.80,0.35,0.050,0.045,Z,w,C,=0.060.38%,，S、P含量较高，力学性能一般。,碳素结构钢的机械性能(GB/T700-1988),牌,号,等,级,拉 伸 试 验,冲击试验,屈服点,s,，,MPa,抗拉强度,b,/,MPa,伸长率,s,%,温度,V型冲击功,(纵向),J,钢材厚度(直径)，mm,钢材厚度(直径),mm,16,40,60,100,150,150,16,40,60,100,150,150,不小于,不小于,不小于,Q195,195,315-390,33,Q215,A/B,215,195,175,165,335-410,31,29,27,26,/20,/27,Q235,A/B,C/D,235,215,195,185,375-460,26,24,22,21,/20,0/-20,/27,Q255,A/B,255,235,215,205,410-510,24,22,20,19,/20,/27,Q275,275,255,235,225,490-610,20,18,16,15,GB/T700-1988 标准,GB700-79 标准,化学成分和力学性能均须保证,A 类钢 保证力学性能，,B 类钢 保证化学成分，,C 类钢 保证化学成分及力学性能。,Q195,A1；B1,Q215,A2；C2,Q235,A3；C3,Q255,A4；C4,Q275,C5,碳素结构钢 新、老标准钢号对照,用途,钢板、钢筋、型钢等，作桥梁、建筑等构件。,角钢,螺钉、铆钉,钢筋、螺纹钢,3、低合金高强度结构钢,牌号,旧钢号,主 要 化 学 成 分,，,%,机械性能,C,Mn,Si，,s,，MPa,b,，MPa,5,，%,Q295,09MnNb12Mn,0.16,0.801.50,0.55,295,570,23,Q345,16Mn16MnRe,0.180.20,1.001.60,0.55,345,630,2122,Q390,16MnNb15MnTi,0.20,1.001.60,0.55,390,650,1920,Q420,14MnVTiRe15MnVN,0.20,1.001.70,0.55,420,680,1819,Q460,14MnMoV18MnMoNb,0.20,1.001.70,0.55,460,720,17,低合金高强度结构钢的牌号、成分、性能,成分 w,C,0.2%，w,Me,5%，主加元素Mn，附加V、Ti、Nb。,性能,强度、韧性高，焊接、冷成形性能好。,(,摘自,GB/T1591-1994),应用,高压容器,桥梁,船舶,车辆,4、工程用铸造,碳,钢,力学性能优于铸铁，但铸造流动性差，收缩率大。,牌,号,主 要 化 学 成 分,，,%,机械性能,C,Mn,Si,s,，MPa,b,，MPa,，%,ZG200-400,0.20,0.80,0.50,200,400,25,ZG230-450,0.30,0.90,0.50,230,450,22,ZG270-500,0.40,0.90,0.50,270,500,18,ZG310-570,0.50,0.90,0.60,310,570,15,ZG340-640,0.60,0.90,0.60,340,640,10,工程用铸造,碳,钢的牌号、成分、性能,(,摘自,GB/T11352-1989),用途,轧辊,外壳,形状复杂，需一定强度、塑韧性的零件。,三、机械结构用钢,1、概述,特点,：S、P含量较低，强韧性好，热处理后使用。,用途,：机械零件、构件。,柴油机凸轮轴,2、,优质碳素结构钢,成分,：w,C,=0.050.90%，w,Mn,=0.251.2%,。,优质碳素钢的化学成分和性能,牌,号,化学成分，%,s,，MPa,C,Mn,Si,S,P,08F,10,20,35,40,45,50,60,85,0.05-0.11,0.07-0.13,0.17-0.23,0.32-0.39,0.37-0.44,0.42-0.50,0.47-0.55,0.57-0.65,0.62-0.70,0.25-0.50,0.35-0.65,0.35-0.65,0.50-0.80,0.50-0.80,0.50-0.80,0.50-0.80,0.50-0.80,0.50-0.80,0.03,0.17-0.37,0.17-0.37,0.17-0.37,0.17-0.37,0.17-0.37,0.17-0.37,0.17-0.37,0.17-0.37,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,175,205,245,315,335,355,375,400,420,(,摘自,GB/T699-1999),用途,较重要的零件，如齿轮、轴、连杆、弹簧等。,汽车曲轴,热处理：渗碳、淬火、回火等。,3渗碳钢,成分,w,C,=0.10.25%，合金元素提高淬透性，细化晶粒。,性能,渗层硬度高，耐磨，抗接触疲劳；心部韧性高、强度大。,渗,C,钢,的牌号（摘自GB/T3077-1999）（,渗C,:930,，回火：,200,）,主 要 化 学 成 分,%,预备处理,淬火,C,Mn,Cr，Ni,0.170.24,0.170.24,0.500.80,1.301.60,0.701.00,880800,水,油,880水,油,0.170.23,0.170.23,0.901.20,0.801.10,0.901.20,1.001.30,850,油,880 870,油,钢号,20Cr,20MnV,20CrMn,20CrMnTi,淬,透,性,低,中,高,18Cr2Ni4WA,20Cr2Ni4,A,0.130.19,0.170.23,W0.81.2,0.300.60,1.351.654.04.5,1.251.653.253.75,950 850,空,880780,油,机械性能,b,MPa,s,MPa,8,35,785,54,0,590,930,1080,735,835,1180,1180,835,1080,a,KU2,J,47,55,47,55,78,63,最终热处理,应用 耐磨件,渗碳淬火低温回火,活塞销20Cr,汽车变速箱齿轮20CrMnTi,柴油机曲轴18Cr2Ni4WA,4调质钢,成分,：,w,C,=0.250.50%，提高淬透性，细化晶粒，强化F,性能,：,综合力学性能高,调质钢,的牌号（摘自GB/T30771999）,淬,透,性,钢号,主,要,成,分,%,淬火,回火,C,Mn,SiCr,低,45,0.420.50,0.500.80,0.170.37,830840水,580640空,40Cr,0.370.45,0.500.80,Cr 0.81.10,850油,500 水，油,中,高,35CrMo,0.320.40,0.400.70,Cr 0.81.10,850油,550 水，油,38CrMoAlA,0.350.42,Al 0.71.1,Cr 1.351.65,940水，油,640水，油,40CrMnMo,0.370.45,0.901.20,Cr 0.91.20,850油,600 水，油,机械性能,b,MPa,s,MPa,a,KU2,J,600,355,39,40MnB,0.370.44,1.101.40,0.200.40,850油,500 水，油,980,785,47,980,785,47,980,835,63,980,835,71,980,785,63,热处理,组织 回火S,应用,40Cr,：齿轮、主轴。,35CrMo,：曲轴、连杆。,调质，可附加表面淬火。,汽车曲轴,连杆,5弹簧钢,成分,w,C,=0.450.90%，主加Si，Mn等，提高,e,性能,e,、,s,、屈强比和疲劳强度高。,钢号,主,要,成,分,%,淬火,油,回火,机械性能,C,Mn,Si,Cr,b,MPa,s,MPa10,%,a,k,kJ/m,2,65,0.620.70,0.500.80,0.170.37,840油,500,1000,800,9,450,85,0.820.90,0.500.80,0.170.37,820油,480,1150,1000,6,600,65Mn,0.620.70,0.901.20,0.170.37,830油,540,1000,800,8,800,60Si2Mn,0.560.64,0.600.90,1.502.00,870油,480,1300,1200,5,800,50CrVA,0.460.54,0.500.80,Cr 0.81.10,850油,500,1300,1150,5,9800,（摘自GB/T12221985）,汽车板簧,火车螺旋弹簧,组织,：回火T,应用：,65Mn、60Si2Mn：汽车、机车的板簧，螺旋弹簧。,热处理,热轧弹簧：热成型 淬火+中温回火,冷轧弹簧：淬火+中温回火 冷成型 去应力退火,四、滚动轴承钢,成分：w,C,=0.951.10%，主加Cr，形成细小的碳化物。,性能,：高接触疲劳强度、高硬度和耐磨性，韧性、淬透性好。,热处理：球化退火+淬火+低温回火,应用：,GCr15,中小型轴承，冷冲模，,量具，丝锥。,五、工具钢,刃具、模具、量具钢,1、,刃具钢,性能要求：硬度、耐磨性、热硬性高，塑、韧性较好。,1）,碳素工具钢,（淬火+低温回火）,钢号,C,%,Mn,%,Si,%,S,%,P,%,退火后,HBS,水冷淬火,温度，,T7,T8,T8Mn,T9,T10Mn,T10,T12,T13,0.65-0.74,0.75-0.84,0.80-0.90,0.85-0.94,0.95-1.04,0.95-1.04,1.15-1.24,1.25-1.35,0.40,0.40,0.40-0.60,0.40,0.40-0.60,0.40,0.40,0.40,0.35,0.35,0.35,0.35,0.35,0.35,0.35,0.35,0.030,0.030,0.030,0.030,0.030,0.030,0.030,0.030,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,0.035,187,187,187,192,19,207,207,217,800-820,780-800,780-800,760-780,760-780,760-780,760-780,760-780,化学成分、热处理、性能（淬火后,HRC,62,),(,摘自,GB/T1298-1986),用途,冲头、凿子、锉刀、量规等。,螺纹量规,2）合金量具刃具钢,w,C,=0.75 1.5%，,w,Me,5%，,工作温度,300,。,钢号,主要化学成分，w/%,热处理及性能,C,Mn,Si,Cr,淬火,回火,回火后,HRC,9SiCr,0.85,0.95,0.30,0.60,1.20,1.60,0.95,1.25,860,880油,180,200,6062,CrWMn,0.90,1.05,0.80,1.10,W1.2,1.60,0.90,1.20,820,840油,140,160,6265,（摘自GB/T12992000）,化学成分、热处理、性能（淬火后,HRC,62,),板牙,丝锥,应用,电子卡尺,3）高速钢,w,C,=0.75 1.65%，,w,Me,10%，,工作温度,600,。,钢号,主要化学成分，w，%,热处理及性能,C,W,V,Cr,Mo,淬火,回火,回火后,HRC,W18Cr4V,0.70,0.80,17.5,19.0,1.00,1.40,3.80,4.40,1270,1285 油,550570三次,63,W6Mo5Cr4V2,0.80,0.90,5.50,6.75,1.75,2.20,3.80,4.40,4.75,5.50,1210,1230 油,540560三次,63,应用,高速车刀、钻头、,铣刀,等。,2、模具钢,冷,、,热作模具，塑料模具钢等。,1）冷模具钢,冷冲压、冷镦、冷挤压模等。,汽车冲压模具,性能,高硬度,耐磨性,足够的韧性,疲劳抗力。,最终,热处理,淬火+低温回火,.热模具钢,热锻、热挤压、压铸模等。,曲轴模具,热模锻曲轴毛坯,性能,:耐热性、热疲劳抗力高。,最终,热处理,:淬火+高温回火,六、特殊性能钢,不锈钢、耐热钢、耐磨钢,等。,1、不锈钢,抗腐蚀途径,：,加 Cr、Ni，形成单相组织。,加 Cr，降低两相的电极电位差。,加 Cr、Al、Si，生成致密的表面氧化膜。,不锈钢的成分、热处理、性能,钢号,主,要,化,学,成,分,%,淬火,回火,C,Cr,Ni,Ti,类,别,机械性能,b,MPa,s,MPa,5,%,HRCHB,1Cr13,0.15,1214,9501000水,油,700750,4Cr13,0.360.45,1214,10501100 油,200300,M型,540,345,680,400,25,4,159,50,1Cr17,0.12,1618,780850 正火,0Cr18Ni9,0.07,1719,812,10101150 水,F型,A型,A-F型,450,205,520,205,22,40,183,187,1Cr18Ni9Ti,0.12,1719,912,0.50.8,9201150 水,520,205,40,187,1Cr21Ni5Ti,0.090.14,2022,4.85.8,0.350.8,9501100水,空,600,350,20,用途,M不锈钢,船用螺旋桨,1Cr18Ni9TiA不锈钢表带,F不锈钢容器,2、耐热钢,抗氧化性,：金属在高温下的抗氧化能力,热强性,：热强性是指钢在高温下的强度,用途,：锅炉、燃气轮机等,类,别,钢号,主,要,化,学,成,分,%,淬火,回火,C,Cr,Ni,Ti,M型,1Cr13,0.15,1214,9501000油,700750,1Cr11MoV,0.110.18,1011.5,Mo 0.50.7,10501100空,720740,A型,1Cr18Ni9Ti,0.12,1719,811,0.50.8,9201150 水,机械性能,b,MPa,s,MPa,54,0,345,490,685,520,205,5,%,20,40,HB,159,159,187,3、耐磨钢ZGMn13,成分,：,w,C,=0.91.5%，w,Mn,=1114%,。,热处理,：10001100，保温，水冷A，硬度低韧性高。,性能,：,工件工作时受冲击变形，表层产生加工硬化，及M相变硬化，心部保持高韧性。,用途,：履带、铁道岔道,钢 号,钢 种,合金元素的主要作用,热处理特点,使用状态下组织,Q345,低合金高强度结构钢,Mn:强化F，增加P量，降低冷脆转变温度,热轧空冷,F+P,65Mn,弹簧钢,Mn:提高淬透性，强化F,淬火+中温回火,T,回,ZGMn13,耐磨钢,Mn:获得单相A组织,水韧处理,表:M+碳化物 心:A,20Cr,渗碳钢,Cr:提高淬透性，强化F,渗碳+淬火+低温回火,表:M,回,+颗粒状碳化物+A,心:M,回,+F,40Cr,调质钢,Cr:提高淬透性，强化F,调质处理,S,回,9SiCr,低合金工具钢,Cr:提高淬透性,淬火+低温回火,M,回,+颗粒状碳化物+A(少量),GCr15,滚动轴承钢,Cr:提高淬透性，耐磨性、耐蚀性,淬火+低温回火,M,回,+颗粒状碳化物+A(少量),1Cr13,马氏体不锈钢,Cr:提高耐蚀性,淬火+高温回火,S,回,5CrNiMo,热作模具钢,Cr、Ni:提高淬透性，强化F,淬火+高温回火,S,回,Mo:防止高温回火脆性,Cr12MoV,冷作模具钢,Mo:细化晶粒，提高耐磨性,淬火+低温回火,M,回,+颗粒状碳化物+A(少量),W18Cr4V,高速钢,V:提高耐磨性、热硬性,淬火+低温回火,M,回,+颗粒状碳化物+A(少量),1Cr18Ni9Ti,不锈钢,Ti:防止晶间腐蚀,固溶处理,A,本节主要介绍合金元素在钢中的作用以及低合金钢与合金钢的分类、性能和应用的等内容,小结：,1.正确认识合金钢与碳素钢的关系和区别；,2.注意理解合金钢的分类、性能、热处理方法和应用之间的关系，并且总结典型材料、零件、热处理方法和应用之间的感性知识。,此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢,