被动语态考点.doc

被动语态中考考点
考点一：时态
一般现在时
am /is/ are + done动词过去分词
一般过去时
was /were + done动词过去分词
一般将来时
Will/shall/be going to be + done动词过去分词
现在进行时
am /is /are +being + done动词的过去分词
过去进行时
Was/were +being + done动词的过去分词
现在完成时
have /has +been + done动词的过去分词
过去完成时
had+ been + done动词的过去分词
含情态动词
情态动词 + be + done动词的过去分词
主动语态变被动语态的变法：
口诀：宾变主，主变宾放by后(常可省)，谓照上表变。
注：三个一致：主被动句时态一致，句式一致，主谓单复数一致。
考点二：短语(带to的动词不定式作宾语)
ask sb. to do变被动 sb. be asked to do sth.
（类似用法的词还有tell, invite, choose, encourage, allow, teach等等）
Ex: The teacher teaches us to swim.变为被动句We are taught to swim by the teacher.
考点三：短语(省略to的动词不定式作宾语)
make sb. do sth. 变被动 sb. be made to do sth.
（类似用法的动词还有：
一感feel,二听hear, listen to,三让let, make,have,四看see, watch, look at, notice.）
口诀：感使动词真叫怪，to来to去记心怀，主动语态to离去，被动语态to回来。
Ex: The boss made the workers work all day 变为被动句
The workers were made to work all day by the boss.
考点四：短语（带双宾语，表‘人’的是间宾，表‘物’的是直宾。）
give sb. sth. 变被动 sb. be given sth. 或者give sth. to sb. 变被动 sth. be given to sb.
(类似后接to的词还有：pass, sell, lend, bring, offer, show, send, tell, ask, write, teach等等。)
buy sb. sth. 变被动sb. be bought sth. 或者buy sth. for sb. 变被动sth. be bougth for sb.
(类似后接for的词还有：make（做） ,get（买）, draw（画）, cook等等)
口诀：如遇双宾语，一般‘人’放钱，若把‘物’放前，‘人’前加to /for连。
Ex: He gave me a book.变为被动句
I was given a book by him.或者 A book was given to me by him .
My mother made me a cake . 变为被动句
I was made a cake by my mother.或者 A cake was made for me by my mother .
考点五：短语（含有介词或副词的动词短语）
look for 变被动 …be looked for…. 不可丢掉后面的介词或副词
（类似短语还有：look after, take care of, hand in(上交)，laugh at, speak to等等）
Ex: We should take care of the old .变为被动句 The old should be taken care of.
补充：I heard Tom singing just now. 变为被动句 Tom was heard singing by me just now .
在see /hear /notice /keep +sb +doing sth 句型变被动语态时，doing 不变。
考点六：不用被动语态的情况
1.某些表示静态动作的动词（短语），如have（有，开办，举行…）, like(喜欢)，own(拥有)，last(持续)，fit（适合），belong to(属于)等等
Ex: I have a TV set. The coat fits me well.
【正】We’ll have a meeting this afternoon.【误】A meeting will be had this afternoon.
但可以说A meeting will be held(举行) this afternoon.
2. 不及物动词没有被动语态如：belong, happen, take place, last, come true, remain, succeed, fall, die, arrive, 等。
Ex: Great changes have taken place in this city. That bike doesn’t belong to Mike.
A bad car accident happened (to Tom)yesterday .
3. 连系动词look, sound, smell, feel, taste 等后接形容词或者名词作表语
Ex: The building looks very beautiful.这座建筑看上去很美。
Her voice sounded quite sweet.她的声音听起来非常甜美。
The fish tastes good.品尝起来好吃。 The scarf feels soft. 摸起来软和。
4．反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。例如：
Ex:【正】You must look after yourself． 【误】Yourself must be looked after
5. 祈使句一般没有被动语态。
Ex: 【正】Look at the blackboard，please．【误】The blackboard is looked at by you．
考点七：主动语态表被动意义(以下内容暂作了解)
1.write, sell, wash, cut, drive, peel 等词作不及物动词，它们的主语为物，用主动形式表被动。
Ex: This kind of shirt sells well here. This kind of cloth washes well.
This orange peels easily. The car drives well.
2. want, need, require等词表“需要”时，后边可跟v-ing形式表被动，相当于to be done.
My bike needs repairing. = My bike needs to be repaired.
Ex: ①你的头发该剪了。 ※Your hair needs cutting / to be cut.
②这个房间需要打扫一下。 ※This room wants cleaning / to be cleaned.
3. 连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste 等)可用主动表被动：
Ex: The building looks very beautiful. 这座建筑看上去很美。
Her voice sounded quite sweet. 她的声音听起来非常甜美。
4. 某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义：
Ex: The book is difficult to understand. 这书很难懂。
The music isn’t pleasant to listen to. 这音乐不好听。
5.不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
Ex: I have some clothes to wash. 我有一些衣服要洗。
Miss Green has some important letters to send. 格林小姐有一些重要的信件要寄。
6. 在 too…to do sth 和…enough to do sth这两个结构中，若句子主语与其后不定式to do sth为被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用被动式)。
Ex: The tea is too hot to drink. 茶太热，不能喝。

中考英语定语从句复习
定语从句基本知识 在复合句中修饰或限定名词、代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰或限定的名词、代词叫做先行词；引导定语从句的词叫做引导词。定语从句放在所修饰、限定的词（先行词）之后。
先行词
主语
宾语
定语
人
who/that
(who/whom/that)〔介词+whom〕
whose+名词
物
which/that
(which/that)〔介词+which〕
whose+名词
定语从句分类：定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
　　限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，用来说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况，与先行词的关系非常密切，翻译时一般要译到先行词的前面；如果去掉，则整个句子的意思含混不清。
　 A doctor is a person who looks after people's health. 医生是照顾人们健康的人。
　　非限制性定语从句起到补充说明作用，译为汉语时常不译作定语，而是根据句意译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主句的关系不如限制性定语从句密切，只是对先行词作附加说明，既使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚。非限制性定语从句前往往有逗号与主句隔开，如非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号与隔开。
Yesterday, Jimmy left for Canada, where he had stayed two years.
昨天，吉米动身到加拿大去了，他曾在那儿呆了两年。以上都是用的关系代词。当引导定语从句的连接词
定语从句的引导词 引导定语从句的词称为引导词，它一方面连接先行词和定语从句；别一方面又在定语从句中充当句子成份，如例1中的who，以定语从句中作主语。引导词一般不能按照疑问代词或疑问副词的意义进行翻译，一般情况下应译为"……的"。定语从句的引导词可为分为关系代词和关系副词。
在定语从句里充当状语成分时，要用到关系副词，当先行词表时间是，用when相当于介词+which,当先行词是地点是，用where,相当于介词+which，当先行词是原因reason时，用why,相当于for +which.
I'll never forget the day when (on which) I first come here.
　This is the room where (in which) he lived last year. 这是他去年住过的房间。
That's the reason why (for which) he was late for school. 这就是他上学迟到的原因。
that 可用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。 This is the place (that / where / in which) he works. 这是他工作的地方。
定语从句注意事项
当先行词当指人时that一般可以与who 通用；当先行词指物时，that一般可以与which通用。
注意事项一：
****当先行词指人时且符合下列条件之一时，只能用that，不用which.(加线部分必须掌握)
⑴ 当先行词指物为不定代词时，只用that引导定语从句。
　I've forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我在学校学的东西我全忘记了。
⑵ 当先行词是最高级或被最高级所修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。
　　This is the best way that we can raise money. 这是我们可以筹钱的最好方法。
⑶ 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。
　　He is the first person that I met this morning. 他是我今天早上见到的第一个人。
⑷ 当先行词被only, very, just, last, one of, all no, little, few, any等词修饰时，只能用that引 导定语从句。
　　It is one of the beautiful views that I have seen. 这是我所见到的最美的风景之一。
⑸ 当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that引导定语从句。
　　We talked the things and persons that we were interested in.我们谈论我们感兴趣的人和事。
⑹ 如果有两个从句，其中一个用了who (which)来引导，则另一个用that以避免重复。
　　He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
　　他建造了工厂要生产一些我们以前没见过的东西。
⑺ 当先行词被the only, the very, the some, the last等词修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。
　 This is the last place that I want to visit. 这是我想参观的最后一个地方。
****注意：当先行词指人是，遇到the only修饰时也可以用who .
注意事项二：
****当先行词符合下列条件之一时，只能用which，不用that.
　　⑴ 当作主语或宾语的关系代词前有介词时，只能用which.
　　This is the house of which the windows face south. 这是那间窗户朝南的房子。
　　⑵ 在引导非限制性定语从句时，which可代表先行词或前面的一句话，译成"这一点，这件事"。
　　He passed the exam, which made us very happy. 他通过了考试，这使得我们非常高兴。
　　⑶ 先行词为that, those时，引导词用which.
　　What's that which’s on the table? 桌子上是什么？
注意事项三：
****当先行词指人时that一般可以与who 通用。但是当先行词符合下列条件之一时，只能用who.
　　⑴ 当先行词是one, ones, anyone, someone, nobody,those等指代人的代词时，用who
　　Anyone who does that must be mad. 谁那样做一定是疯了。
　　⑵ 在there be 结构中，先行词是人时，只能用who.
　　There is a girl who is waiting for you. 有个女孩在等你。
　　⑶ 当先行词是人，后面有较长的修饰语时，只用who.
　　I met a friend of mine who had got three gold medals in the Asian Games.
　　昨天我在公园见到一个朋友，他在亚运会上得到了三枚金牌。
　　⑷ 当先行词是I, you, he ,they等时（常用于谚语中），只用who.
　　He who plays with fire gets burned. 玩火自焚。
非限制性定语从句举例
　关系代词和关系副词在非限制性定语从句中的应用与在限制性定语从句中类似。先行词为人时，用who, whom, whose；先行词为物时，用which。 that不用于非限制性定语从句中。
　Mary has a brother, who is an engineer. 玛丽有一个兄弟，他是一位工程师。
　She has six cousins, three of whom lived to grow up.她有六个表兄弟，其中三个已经长大成人了。
　The children are taught by a 32-year-old Englishman, whose wife is an American.
　孩子们的老师是一位32岁的英国人，他的妻子是美国人。
　非限制性定语从句也可以由where或when 引起。
　Last week we visited Hangzhou, where there is a beautiful lake.上周我们游览了杭州，那儿有一个美丽的湖。
　We will put off the party until next week, when we won't be so busy.

我们把晚会推迟到下周，那时我们就不会这么忙了。
更多定语从句实例
The boy who can play basketball well is our monitor.那个篮球打得好的男孩是我们的班长。
The man (whom) we met at the school gate is an English teacher.我们在学校门口遇到的那个人是一位英语教师。
The woman to whom you talked is Kangkang`s mother. 那位与你谈话的妇女是康康的妈妈。
= The woman (whom) you talked to is Kangkang`s mother
The books which were bought last week will be sent to poor children.上周买的那些书将被送给贫困孩子。
He gave me the ball (which) we bought last week. 他把我们上周买的球给了我。
Don't bring children to see the animals of which they are afraid. 不在带孩子去看那些他们害怕的动物。
= Don't bring children to see the animals (which) they are afraid of.
The man whose coat is blue is cleaning the room. 那个穿蓝上衣的人在打扫房间。
The book whose cover is red is an English book. 那本红色封面的书是一本英语书。
The boss in whose factory I worked is a very kind person. 我工作的那个工厂的老板是一个非常和善的人。
=The boss whose factory I worked in is a very kind person.
The new job that I found was to be a teacher. 我新找的工作是当老师。
He is the teacher that we met at the bus stop.他就是我们昨天在公共汽车站遇到的那位老师。
The village that he lives in is very far away. 他所居住的村子非常远。

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