写作必背词汇词组.doc

写作必背单词和短语

1. counterproductive adj.产生相反效果（结果）的
e.g. It is counterproductive to be too tough: it just makes the staff resentful.

2. seminal adj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响的
e.g. in the seminal state （在萌芽状态）|| seminal thoughts || seminal principle（基本原则）

3. forgo v.放弃
e.g.The choice to forgo his security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequence.
4. intuition n.直觉
e.g.I will trust my strong intuition that free will is an essential part of our being as humans.
5. satisfy v.证明是正当的，公证的；为…寻找正当理由
e.g. In the final analysis, government cannot philosophically satisfy assisting large cities for the purpose of either promoting or preserving the nation's cultural traditions; nor is government assistance necessary toward these ends.
6. resort to … 诉诸…
e.g.there is no necessity to resort to violent actions such as demonstration, riot or rebel.
7. hinge on … 以…为转移，靠…转动
e.g. The claim that society’s destiny hinges on how children are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best.
8. lend some credence to … 提供支持
e.g. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to this position, by suggesting that these determining physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup.
9. dimension n.大小；体积；程度；范围
e.g. I did not realize the dimensions of the problem.
10. amount to … 相当于；等于
e.g. What you say amounts to a direct accusation.
11. inspire v.激励或鼓舞
e.g. To begin with, learning about key historical figures inspires us to achieve great things ourselves --- far more so than learning about the conditions of groups of people.
12. provide necessary impetus for … 给与…动力
e.g. It is almost always a key individual who provide the necessary imputes for what otherwise might be a group effort, as discussed below.
13. paradigm n.样式；典范；范例
e.g. educational paradigms
14. obscure v.使阴暗；使朦胧
e.g. Generally speaking, then, undue attention to the efforts and contributions of various groups tends to obscure the cause and effect relationship with which the study of history is chiefly concerned.

15. nascent adj.初生的
e.g.in a nascent condition/stage/state || a nascent industry/ literature/art
16. irrespective of whether … 无论如何
e.g. While we must invest in research irrespective of whether the results might be controversial.
17. draw a distinction between … 区分…
e.g.One useful approach is to draw a distinction between personal morality and public morality.
18. catalyst n.催化剂；刺激因素
e.g. circumstance often serves as a catalyst for heroism.
19. proviso n.限制性条款；（附带）条件
e.g. Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speaker’s claim.
20. proceeding n.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报
e.g. legal proceeding || governmental proceedings
21. thwart v.反对；妨碍；挫败
e.g. the government’s strategies for thwarting specific plans of an international terrorist or a drug trafficker.
22. unprecedented adj.空前的，史无前例的
e.g.the society is changing at a speed which is quite unprecedented.
23. inexorable adj. 不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情的
e.g.Facts are inexorable || the inexorable march of science
24. take precedence over … 居先于…;优先于…
e.g. This interest might take precedence over the historic value of an old structure that stands in the way of a parking structure.
25. serve as a substitute for …取代…
be superceded by 代替；取代
e.g. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options.
26. emerge from … 源自于：（in every age and culture some worthwhile art and literature emerges from the mediocrity.）
27. 名人
notable figures
celebrity
elite
personality （television personalities）
28. 普遍；普及
prevailing adj.普遍的；流行的；占优势的 （the prevailing view in Western corporate culture || prevailing principle）
29. 灌输；教育
instill v. （Courtesy must be instilled in childhood || Morality may be instilled into their minds）
inculcate v. （inculcate the young with a sense of duty.）
impart v. （A good teacher imparts wisdom to his pupils.）
foster v.养育, 抚育, 培养, 鼓励（Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help foster friendly relations between our two universities. || detect and foster artistic talent. || to foster an interest in music）
nurture v.养育, 给与营养物, 教养 （While the speaker might overlook the benefits of nurturing certain emotions and feels, on balance I agree that …）
30. 若干重；若干刃
a double-edged sword 双刃剑
e.g. This type of advertisement can be a doubt-edged sword, when the product does not make the person “be like” the person in the advertisement, there can be disappointment and disillusionment with the product.
a two-edged weapon 双重武器
e.g. As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.
twofold/threefold/manifold adj.双重/三重/多种

e.g. We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen is this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.
e.g. The City Council has a manifold plan to beautify the city.
31. 消除；减轻
eliminate v. 排除，消除 （eliminate the false and retain the true || eliminate the possibility of= preclude the possibility of）
diminish v. 使减小，使变少 （diminish one’s reputation || diminish the cost of production）
undermine v.破坏，削弱 （formal study of the present culture at the expanse of studying past cultures can undermine the function of higher education, and ultimately provide a disservice to students and to society.）
32. 恶化；加剧
exacerbate v. 恶化, 增剧, 激怒, 使加剧, 使烦恼
e.g. The problems would only be exacerbated were these decisions left exclusively to federal regulators.

33. 过度；过分
exorbitant adj.过度的；过高的 （exorbitant rents || exorbitantly expensive || exorbitant amount of money）
undue adj.过度的；过分的 （apply undue pressure to make s.b. change his mind）
34. 导致、造成
pose 引起某事物，造成，提出
e.g. Winter poses particular difficulties for the elderly.
render v.致使，造成
e.g. Your action has rendered our contract invalid.
breed v.导致；造成
e.g. The speaker unfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary breeding ground and sanctuaries for a nation’s cultural traditions..
burgeon v.迅速发展；发芽 （burgeoning cities || burgeoning Internet commerce）
outgrowth n.长出, 派出, 结果, 副产物
e.g. A third uniquely contemporary problem is an outgrowth of the inexorable advancement of scientific knowledge.
35. 探求、努力：
seek to …探求，寻求
e.g. One compelling argument in favor of a global university has to do with the fact that its faculty and students would bring diverse cultural and educational perspectives to the problems they seek to solve.
strive to …努力
e.g. students should strive to excel in the specific requirements of their major course of study
probe v./n.探求，探查
e.g. probe a matter to the bottom 寻根究底

36. 资助、赞助：
subsidize v.资助, 津贴 （Subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government.）
patron n.资助人；赞助人 （cultural patron）
on the patronage of …
e.g. culture has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses.
under the auspices of …
e.g. During this period, significant scientific advances occurred under the auspices of the government.
增强、提高
escalate v.增强,提高,升级 （the escalating cost of addressing these problems）
enhance/promote/augment/elevate v. (elevate notion about …）