英语专业四级考试语法精讲.doc

英语专业四级考试— 语法精讲
虚拟语气

第一部分：概述

虚拟语气类型（宾语从句；状语从句；名词性从句（主语从句，同位语从句， 表语从句）；定语从句；特殊类型 （感叹句）；省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装））

Examples
The rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society.
I would rather that you did nothing for the time being.
I wish that I were a student again.
I wished that I had followed his suggestion.

名词性从句中的虚拟
主语从句(it is +adj./p.p that)
同位语从句(The +n. that )
表语从句(n. +be that)

省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装）(1)
虚拟语气中如果从句引导词if / whether 省略，从句中需要倒装，提前助动词(系动词）或情态动词。
Eg. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not be able to have the sports meeting.
=Should it rain tomorrow, we should not be able to have the sports meeting.

省略if 的虚拟法 （倒装）(2)
Eg. Whether it (may) be fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.
=Be it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.
If she had been given more information, she could have answered the questions.
=Had she been given more information, she could have answered the questions.

第二部分 详解&总结

虚拟语气的动词标志
“insist, suggest, require, request, demand, propose, prefer, maintain, move, urge, recommend, command, order”等动词表“建议、愿望”时，其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。Should +V

wish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

虚拟语气的名词标志
1 “necessity”或“suggestion”等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
2 名词word 表“命令”时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气 (should)+V。
3 wish 作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气(should)+V。

虚拟语气的形容词标志
It is + adj. that 句型中出现形容词如necessary, important, vital, decisive, critical, crucial, urgent, strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或过去分词充当的形容词如suggested, proposed, advised, demanded, requested, required等时，that 句中用 should + V 表示虚拟。

虚拟的介词标志
But for相当于if it had not been for。
But for her help, I would have lost my way.
Without, in the absence of 等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。
Without the light and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth?
In the absence of water, plants would not grow well.
Under…condition, 也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。
Under more favorable conditions, we would have made more achievements.

错综时间的虚拟
条件状语从句中谓语动词的形式可与主句中谓语动词的形式不“配套”，即错综时间的虚拟。
If he had done as I had suggested then, he wouldn’t be regretful now. If they hadn’t found us then, we would still be missing on the sea. If I hadn’t made sufficient preparation for the exam then, I wouldn’t be in college now.

虚拟和事实
（前虚拟后事实）标志: but
Eg. I would have gone to the party with you, but I was too busy.
= If I hadn’t been too busy, I would have gone to the party with you.
（前事实后虚拟）标志: otherwise
Eg. I was too busy then, otherwise I would have gone to the party with you.

More Information
was (were) +to have done （不定式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but…（陈述语气）。
Eg. I was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam.
had hoped表示过去未实现的愿望，其从句中谓语动词要用虚拟 would+V。
Eg. I had hoped that he would agree to lend me the money.

反意疑问句
Detailed Points
助动词 ？ 情态动词？Have to
反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有have to时，附加疑问句通常用助动词do。
You have to study hard, don’t you?
I don’t have to get up early, do I?
They had to obey the rules and regulations of the school, didn’t they?
She didn’t have to do it herself, did she?

助动词 ？ 情态动词？Need
反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有need时，need做情态动词，附加疑问句仍用need，need做实义动词时，附加问句用助动词do。
They needn’t make such a loud noise, need they?
He needs the money for his son’s education, doesn’t he?

助动词 ？ 情态动词？Had better
反意疑问句的陈述部分为had better时，附加问用助动词had。
You had better go at once, hadn’t you?
We’d better call off our appointment, hadn’t we?

助动词 ? 情态动词？Would rather
反意疑问句的陈述部分为would rather时，附加问句用情态动词would。
You’d rather not do it, would you?
She would rather die than surrender to the enemy, wouldn’t she?

助动词 ？ 情态动词？Used to
反意疑问句的陈述部分为used to时，附加问句用助动词did。
You used to stay up late every evening watching TV, didn’t you?

助动词 ？ 情态动词？Ought to
反意疑问句的陈述部分为ought to时，附加问句用助动词should.
She ought to go by plane, shouldn’t she?
We ought not to laugh at others’ mistakes, should we?

助动词 ？ 情态动词？Must
反意疑问句的陈述部分有must，附加问句分三种情况：
⑴must do—mustn’t
⑵must be—随人称用系动词一般现在时
⑶must have done—didn’t
① We must book the ticket in advance, mustn’t we? （必须）
② She must be in the office, isn’t she （肯定）对现在事情的肯定猜测。
③ He must have done his homework, didn’t he?（肯定）对过去事情的肯定猜测。

助动词 ？ 情态动词？Wish
反意疑问句的陈述部分是wish时，附加问句用情态动词may。
I wish to shake hands with you, may I?

人称和数 （1）
陈述部分主语是“I”时，附加问句的人称分二种情况：
⑴ I hope that…, don’t you?
I can’t believe it, can you?
⑵ I will be 14 tomorrow, aren’t I?
I am interested in it, aren’t I?

人称和数 （2）
陈述部分主语是everything、nothing、something等时看作单数，附加问句用it指代。
陈述部分主语是everyone、everybody、nobody、somebody、someone、no one 、anybody、any one等时看作复数，附加问句用they指代。
陈述部分主语是不定代词 one时，附加问句用one指代。
人称和数 （3）
Nothing is amazing there, is it?
Something will have to be done about the price, won’t it?
Nobody is leaving tomorrow, are they?
Everyone hopes to get promoted, don’t they?
Someone left their umbrella in the bus, didn’t they?
One can’t be too careful, can one?

祈使句后面的附加问句 （1）
祈使句后面的附加问句，分三种情况；
⑴ 表客气、委婉、邀请、劝诱、愿望等时，用won’t you 。
Have a cup of coffee, won’t you?
⑵ 表命令、强制的要求、请求时，用will you。
Do it at once, will you?
⑶ 否定祈使句用will you 。
Don’t close the door, will you?

祈使句后面的附加问句 （2）
Let’s 和let us后面的附加问句，分两种情况；
⑴ let’s包括对方在内，用shall we 或shan’t we。
⑵ let us不包括对方在内，用will you 或won’t you。
Let 后接非us之外的人称如me、him、her、them等时，附加问句用will you。

祈使句后面的附加问句 （3）
Let’s go to the movies, shall we?
Let us go to the movies, will you ?
Let him go, will you?
Let me attend the farewell party, will you?

There be句型的反意疑问句
There be句型的反意疑问句，附加问句用be there/be not there，由主语人称时态和数决定。
There won’t be any trouble, will there?
There’s not much news in today’s paper, is there?
There has been much confusion since his arrival, hasn’t there?

This/that/It is/was the third time that句型
This/that/It is/was the third time that等句型中，反意主句，用it指代。
This is the third time this week he has been late, isn’t it?
It was the second time that she had been to the Great Wall, wasn’t it?

主从复合句 （1）
I think (suppose…)宾语从句结构，附加问句反意从句分两种情况；
⑴前肯定句，后用否定句。
I think that he is serious, isn’t he?
⑵前有否定句，后面附加问句用肯定(I don’t think)。
I don’t suppose that she is serious, is she?
上述主从复合句主句主语是第一人称以外的人称时，反意主句。
They think Mary will pass the examination, don’t they?

主从复合句 （2）
I hope+宾语从句结构，附加问句用don’t you。
I hope that they study hard, don’t you?

感叹句后的附加问句
感叹句后的附加问句指人时，根据人称、数决定用什么指代。指物时，根据单复数决定，用it /they指代。
What an interesting story, isn’t it?
What a funny man, isn’t he?
How silly they are, aren’t they?

倒装
带否定意义的副词置于句首时(1)
带否定意义的词置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。
Rarely does he go to the movies.
Not for a moment did he doubt the truth of her honesty.
Little do I know about the meaning of this proverb.
Never before the night had I felt the extent of my power.

含有否定词的介词短语在句首
含有否定词的介词短语在句首时，句子主谓倒装。
这类介词短语包括： in no case at no time, in no way, by no means, on no account, in no sense, under no circumstances, 等等。意思为 “决不，在任何情况下都不。 ”

“Only+状语”置于句首时的倒装(1)
“Only+状语”置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。
1) Only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak English fluently.
2) Only when I saw him did I remember that I promised to bring him a gift.
3) Only then did I know that I was wrong.

not only位于句首时的倒装
句首是not only且连接分句结构时，引起局部（部分）倒装。
Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our lives.
Not only can he sing very well, but he can also play some musical instrument very skillfully.

neither，nor表示也不”时的倒装
(1) 句首是neither，nor表示“也不”时，主谓语需要倒装。
I couldn’t solve the problem, neither /nor could my brother.
= I couldn’t solve the problem. My brother couldn’t, either.
I didn’t go to school, nor did Mary.
= I didn’t go to school. Mary didn’t, either.

so表示“也是，同样”时的倒装
句首是so表示“也是，同样”时，主谓语需要倒装。
Copper is a good conductor; so is silver.
John failed in the exam; so did Mark.
He takes part in sports activities, so do his classmates.
I have been to the Temple of Heaven, so has she.

平衡倒装
There+be或其它不及物动词come，go，happen，occur，stand，exist等结构中，为避免句子头重脚轻，平衡倒装。
There stands an old house that is being pulled down.
There existed a hostile relationship between the two families.
There are many hobbies involving the creativity of a person.

Such/so…that句型中的倒装
Such/so…that句型中such+名词或so+形容词，副词等位于句首时，主句中主谓倒装。
So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatment.
So excited was I that I didn’t know what to say.

比较状语从句中的倒装
than引导的比较状语从句中，主从句谓语趋向中间以达到平衡，此时从句要求主谓倒装。
Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, man is less limited by nature than were his forefathers/ancestors.

表频率的状语至于句首倒装
表频率的状语至于句首，倒装。
Many a time has he given us sound advice.
Twice a week does he go to visit his grandparents.
More than once have we heard him make such promises.

As, though让步状语从句中倒装
在以as，though引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序，把表语或状语提前。（名，形，副， 动词）
Child that he is, he can distinguish between right and wrong.
Intelligent as/though you are, you should be modest.
Much as I admire him, I don’t think he is perfect.
Try as she did, she failed again.

虚拟语气中的倒装
虚拟语气中省略“if”或“whether”时的倒装。
Were it left to me to choose, I prefer the latter to the former.
Had it not rained so heavily, we would have visited the Summer Palace yesterday.
Be we rich or poor, we should have our own dignity.

副词至于句首
Here、there、in、out、up、down等表示方位的副词至于句首时，主谓需要倒装。
Here comes the bus.
Down jumped the little boy from the bridge.
Here it ( 指 the bus) comes.
There they went.

主谓一致

集体名词做主语
集体名词做主语时，谓语动词情况有三种
①有些集体名词如cattle、folk 、people 、youth 、clergy（教士）、police等常做复数看。
The police have caught the murderer.
②有些集体名词（表示总称）如machinery、stationery, merchandise （商品） 、foliage（树和植物叶子的总称）等看作单数。
New machinery is being installed in the factory.
③有些集体名词如army, audience、class、club, committee、company, crowd, family、group, government, jury, party, staff, team, union, public 、poultry等根据意思决定，有时做单数看待，有时做复数看待。
The committee meet every Monday.
He is on the committee that controls public spending.

单复数同形的名词作主语
单复数同形的名词作主语，要根据意义决定谓语的形式。
This means of transportation is the most convenient one.
There are various means of transportation being developed.

成双成对的东西的名词
表示成双成对的东西的名词，若被a pair of修饰，要求单数谓语；否则，用复数谓语形式。
A pair of gloves is a nice present.
My shoes need repairing.
My trousers want mending.

表示时间、重量 、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词做主语
表示时间、重量 、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词以及概念上属于整体的一个单元的名词虽然形式上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。
Ten years is only a moment in history.
Two copies is enough.
Three hours is not a long time to wait.

表数量名词做主语
number、variety、proportion、majority、population、percent 、 total等词有时做单数，有时作复数看待，从意思上决定。（分数、百分数、部分）
20 percentage of the polluted water goes into the sea.
20 percentage of the families say that they enjoy watching this TV program.

不可数名词
不可数名词前加表示数量的复数名词，后面跟复数谓语。
There are two cups of coffee.
Here are several pieces of valuable information for you to refer to / make reference to.

书名、电影名或格言等专有名词做主语
如果主语是一本书的名字、电影的名字或一个格言等专有名词，谓语动词用单数。
“Gone with the Wind” is an interesting novel.
“The Scent of a Woman” is an awarded film.
“No Pains, No Gains” is a widely quoted proverb.

学科名词做主语
表示学科名称的名词如physics, mathematics, economics, politics, electronics, 做主语，虽然形式上以 结尾，但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。
In my opinion, physics is a difficult subject.
Politics is an interesting topic for many men.
表示疾病的名词做主语
表疾病名称的名词如diabetes, tuberculosis, measles等做主语，虽然形式上以 结尾，但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。
Diabetes is considered a disease that belongs to the wealthy/the rich. （富贵病）
Tuberculosis is no longer threatening people’s life.

就近/毗邻一致原则(1)
There 或here引起的句子中主语不止一个时，谓语就近一致。

就近/毗邻一致原则(2)
由or、either…or 或neither…nor、not only、…but also、not,…but…等连接的两个主语谓语就近一致。

谓语动词多用单数的情况（1）
Many a /More than one所修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词多用单数。
Many a brave soldier has died in that battle.
More than one question has been raised in the lecture.

谓语动词多用单数的情况（2）
Either/neither做主语通常作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。
Either of the methods is effective.
Neither of the roads leads to the town.

谓语动词多用单数的情况（3）
each、some、any、no、every等构成的复合代词，都作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。
There is somebody on the phone for you.
Nobody was working when I came in.
Everything is all right.
Each is given a copy of the book.

谓语动词多用单数的情况（4）
主语中包括“and”时，若表示一个单一概念，谓语动词应做单数。加：(and 连接两个单数名词前面如有each、every， many a， no等)
The poet and writer has come.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
Every man and woman is eager to find a life-long companion.
谓语动词多用单数的情况（5）
主语是单数，后面尽管有with、together、with 、along with 、besides 、as well as 等引导的短语，谓语动词仍用单数。
The teacher, together with some of her students, was cleaning the classroom.
We as well as he agree with you.

one of+名词/代词做主语
“one of+宾语”后的定语从句中谓语动词的形式有两种情况：
⑴ (only) one of +宾语 that…+复数
⑵ the(only)one of +宾语 that…+单数
He is only one of the students in our class who have passed the CET-4.
He is the one of the students in our class who has passed the CET-6.

谓语动词多用单数的情况（6）
None在代表不可数名词时总是单数.
I am afraid that we can’t have coffee; there is none left.
None of +名词短语做主语谓语动词总是用单数。
None of us is interested in the suggestion.
None of the students has passed the exam.

谓语动词多用复数的情况（1）
由both…and连接的两个部分总是作复数看待。
Both my mother and father are satisfied with my job.
Both John and Jack have ever got a summer job.

谓语动词多用复数的情况（2）
the +adj（或过去分词）表一类人需作复数看待。
The old need our care.
The wounded are being taken good care of.
The young are our country’s hope.
The injured were sent to the hospital immediately.

谓语动词多用复数的情况（3）
ch、sh、-ese等结尾的表示国籍的词，也作复数看待。
The British are very fond of their sense of humor.
The French are well-known for their romance.
The Chinese are famous for their hospitality.
The rest of +名词/代词做主语
The rest of +名词/代词做主语时， 谓语动词有三种情况：
1）The rest of +可数名词复数做主语，谓语动词用复数。
2）The rest of +可数名词单数做主语，谓语动词用单数。
3）The rest of +不可数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。
what引导的主语从句
由what引导的主语从句，一般用单数谓语。若从句谓语或从句后表语为复数，则用复数谓语形式。
What he has told me is not true.
What ideas he has are his wife’s.

动名词短语，不定式短语&名词从句作主语
动名词短语，不定式短语和名词从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Collecting foreign coins is my favorite hobby.
To die for the people is a glorious death.
When they will come hasn’t been made public.

强调
词汇强调
用强调性形容词表示强调。(very、utter)
This is the very book I am looking for.
You are the very person whom I want to make friends with.
This is the utter place where the accident took place.
用强调性副词表示强调。(absolutely、only、just…)
What you have said is absolutely true.
I am only too happy to do that.
I have had just enough.
用反身代词表示强调。(self)
I myself did it.
I did it myself.
比较级结构中通常在形、副词比较级前加副词even、much等表示强调。
This problem is even more complicated than the previous one.
The train runs