CET4Writing.doc

CET 4 Writing
写作具体要求
语言第一位：表达通顺、无重大语言错误
基础一般：简单原则、安全第一
基础较好：句子结构、词多变
结构第二位：
逻辑性：
并列：and/or/but
因果：because/in that, since/as, for
转折：but/however
关联词：
内容第三位：

中英思维差异
中式思维：情感分段、读者领会、迂回模式、归纳式思维
英式思维：逻辑分段、作者交代、直线模式、演绎式思维

• 审题
• 1．体裁（议论文，说明文，描述文）
• 　　审题就是要审作文的题材和体裁。因为什么样的体裁就会用什么样的题材去写。那么体裁包括哪那些呢？它包括议论文，说明文和描述文。从近些年看，四级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的杂合体。例如：
• 　　Directions: For this part ,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Trying to Be A Good University Student .You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese ) below :
• 　　做合格大学生的必要性
　　做合格大学生的必备条件（可以从德智体方面谈）
　　我计划这样做
　　很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。这是片面的，因为，第一段要求写“...必要性”，这说明本段体裁是议论文；第二段要求写“...必备条件”，这说明本段要求写说明文；第三段要求写“...这样做”，这说明本段要求写描述文。所以在大多数情形下，四级作文是三种体裁的杂合体。

• 根据不同体裁确定写作方法
• 　　我们审题的目的就是根据不同体裁确定不同的写作方法。通过审题，我们可以看出四级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体，第二段为说明体，地三段为描述体。而各种文体又不同的写作方式：
• 　　议论文；要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两方面来论述。例如上面第一段的思路是：做合格大学生，会怎么样（这是从正面论述）；不做合格的大学生，会怎么样（从反面论述）；所以我们要做合格的大学生（结论）。
• 　　说明文：可以从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就上述作文而言，可以从方面（德智体）来说明合格大学生的必要性。
• 　　描述文：以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。与上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词，它要与第二段相互应进行描述。
• 确定主题句
• 　　通过审题，我们知道该如何确定正确的写作思路。下边我们就谈如何写。第一步就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可能得及格分。写主题句最保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。例如上述三段主题句分别为：
• 　　It is very necessary to be a good university student. （议论体的主题句）
　　There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student .（说明体的主题句）
　　What I will do in the future is as follows.(描述体主题句)
• 　　如果要求句是英语就可以把它变成主题句例如这样一篇作文：
• 　　Good Health
• 　　Importance of good health
　　Ways to keep fit
　　My own practice
　这样的作文的要求句就可以扩充成主题句。扩充后三段的主题句分别为：
• 　　It is very important to have good health .（将名词 importance变成形容词important）
　　There are four ways to keep fit according to me .（用 there be 句型）
　　My own practices are as follows.（采用原词）

• 确保文章条理清楚
• 　　保证不跑题是写作当中第一任务，第二个重要任务就是要做到条理清楚。对于议论文来说，正反面要清楚，对于说明文来说条理要清楚，对于描述文来说，谁干什么要清楚。就拿上例Good health 来说，第一段保持正反面要清楚救应这样写：正面（With good health ,we can...），反面（Without good health ,we can do nothing .We can’t do...）
• 　　为了使文章更具有条理性，我们可以用first(ly) second(ly) third(ly)等副词，他们可以是文章的条理性更加突出。作文是主观题，想得告分就必须引起老师的注意，老师的时间很短（每篇作文只有一两分钟就要阅完），所以我们最好不用: To be with,... after that ,...And then, ... The next , ... The following , ... As last ... 。因为用这样的词语不利于老师看出你作文的条理性。
• 保证作文符合字数要求的十二句作文法
• 　　考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多，因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题，一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。

• 　　我们知道，四级作文都是三段式。我们算一下，如果我们在每一段中写上四句，即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。这样全篇在十二句左右，每一句十多个词，就是120-150个字。大家可以试图找一些作文题练一练。

• Some useful expressions:
• Problems:
• 一个棘手的问题
• a troublesome issue
• 最难以处理的问题
• the most intractable problems
• 一个富有挑战性的教育问题
• a challenging issue in education
• 现代社会的一个持久的问题
• a perpetual problem in modern society
• 一个富有争议性的话题
• a controversial issue
• 作用、影响：
• 副作用
• side effects
• 对社会和环境产生负面影响
• exert negative effects on our society and environment
• 在……方面起到越来越重要的作用
• serve an increasingly vital part in …
• 在传播信息和完成学业等方面起到至关重要的作用
• play an essential role in spreading information and completing education
• others:
• 推卸责任
• shirk one’s obligation
• 肩负起……的责任
• shoulder the responsibility of
• 激烈的社会竞争
• the fierce social competition
• 注定会……
• be doomed to
• 给某人一个有益的教训
• teach someone a good lesson
• 在某人的心灵上笼罩阴影
• cast a shadow on one’s heart
• 长处和短处
• strengths and weaknesses; merits and demerits; advantages and disadvantages
• 我们不能忽视……
• we cannot afford to neglect ……
• 取决于
• hinge on; depend on; count on
• 一把双刃剑
• a two-edged sword
• 是福是祸
• a blessing or a curse
• 启发孩子的创造力
• inspire children’s creativity
• 扩大某人的视野

• broaden one’s horizon
• 丰富某人的生活经验
• enrich one’s life experiences
• 沉浸于，全神贯注于
• be absorbed in
• 无心向学
• be lured away from their studies
• 对……构成严重的威胁
• pose a serious threat to ……
• 缺乏适当的交流
• lack proper communication
• 未被解决
• go unsettled

• Connectors
• 1. 表递进
• moreover, furthermore, what’s more, also
• in addition, and, besides, too, as well as, additionally, again
• 2. 表转折
• but, however, yet, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, on the other hand, unfortunately, whereas
• 3.表示原因的连接词
• for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to
• 4.表示结果的连接词
• as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence

• 5.表示强调的连接词
• still, indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, in fact, especially, obviously, clearly
• 6.表示比较的连接词
• like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally
• 7.表示对比的连接词
• by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, yet, in contrast
• 8.表示列举的连接词
• for example, for instance, such as, take ...for example, except (for), to illustrate
• 9.表示时间的连接词
• later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while
• 10.表示顺序的连接词
• first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not least, first and foremost
• 11.表示可能的连接词
• presumably, probably, perhaps
• 12. 用于解释的连接词
• in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms
• 13.表示让步的连接词
• although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen
• 14.用于总结的连接词
• on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short
• 15. 其他类型连接词
• mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case
题目： Will the wide use of robots bring dangers for humans?
• 提纲：
• （1）机器人在许多工业和科学领域显得日益重要，并且其他智能机器将替代人类做许多事情。
• （2）但有人说广泛地使用机器人会给人类带来很多危险。
• （3）你认为这一动向是福还是祸？
Nowadays, some people believe that robots serve an increasingly vital part in our lives, as they have been widely used in many industrial and scientific fields. Others argue that the extensive use of robots may also cause troubles for our humans. In my opinion, robots can bring us both benefits and risks, depending on how we use them.

To start with, robots have brought about several outstanding advantages to mankind. First, with the use of robots, people can be freed from the heavy workload required by industrial mass-production. In this way, a lot of human labor has been saved, enabling humans to devote more time and energy to some creative and challenging work. This means we may put our mental capacity into full play rather than merely tiring out our physical strength. Second, robots work much faster than human beings, which have greatly enhanced working efficiency and productivity in many factories where they are actively employed. Third, robots with artificial intelligence can be applied as an ideal substitute for humans in some hazardous jobs, such as exploring volcanoes, exploiting coal mines and traveling in outer space --- they are really smart assistants to the mankind.

On the other hand, although human life seems far less convenient without the use of robots, the threats they tend to pose to our society, as many people have pointed out, are not groundless at all. For example, the wide application of robots may well lead to a dramatic increase in unemployment rates around the world. Human beings can hardly keep up with the pace and precision of robots and, consequently, more and more manual workers will lose their jobs to these “intelligent machines”. Furthermore, as robots are being developed to possess more sophisticated intellect, they have raised an unnerving question in many people’s minds: will they be turned into evil monsters in the hand of some wicked scientists, take over the whole world and rule humans like slaves, just as many science fictions have depicted?

In conclusion, although it is quite necessary to get robots involved in industrial production, scientific researches and our modern lives, we cannot afford to neglect the potential dangers that they may produce to the world. In other words, people must be on high alert when using and dealing with robots because they are faster, physically stronger and becoming smarter and smarter than our humans.