新东方四级阅读.doc

新东方英语四级阅读30天学习笔记（1） 按照内容分为两类：一、文科文章两点注意： 1.文章态度 2.抓住文章主题 1）把握主题后不会偏差理解 2）与主题相关的选项为优选选项二、理科文章 1.试验型（StudyExperimentResearchTest） 2.科技成果型（e.g. Artificial Heart） 3.现象解释型按照体裁分为三类：一、说明文 1.抓住说明对象 2.重要数据事实二、议论文 属于文科类文章三、记叙文阅读中难点句型：一、 多重复合句-关键抓住主句主干成分二、 多重并列句-两个主句并列在一起，而非主句从句嵌套在一起三、 强调句-被强调部分为主语、宾语、状语 It is that四、 被动句-基本结构 A is done by B五、 倒装句-否定词 hardly, rarely, seldom, never, not until, not only 引起句子倒装六、 省略句-e.g. He is a good man, so am I.建议采用的阅读方法：一、 扫描题干，大致了解题目类型及分布，将其中细节题题干关键词划出。二、速读原文，遇到题干关键词或其同义词时做适当标记；关注考试原则句。 考试原则句：重要句（各段首句，文章末句，结论、解释句），转折句，条件句，因果关系句，复合句等难句（多重复合、多重并列、强调句、倒装句），时间，数字，人名，比较。三、定位答案，正确选项为文章对应语句的同义改写。题型攻略：一、主题题 (main idea/ mainly/ mainly discuss/mainly concerned/ central/ primary) 两种变体：1.写作目的题型 purpose of writing 2.文章标题题型 the best title 做题方法：1.找主题句 2.找主体词（通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性的词语）二、细节题 类型：1.对错题 2.例证题 3.一般细节题 做题方法：准确定位 三、词汇题 类型：1.指代题 2.词义题 做题方法：1.根据上下文关系 2.构词法（词根词缀） st（位置不变）:stay-stand-stationary-street-star-statue-status pose（放置）:position-expose (ex向外: exit-export) propose (pro向前) suppose (sup/sub在下面: subway-submarine) depose (de否定) deposit (de向下) interpose (inter: internet, international)背单词方法 1. 词根词缀 2. 阅读记忆3. 联想记忆 如：handsome（其中：h很，s帅，m嘛英俊的） morose（mo没有，rose玫瑰郁闷的） ancillary（an + cillary希拉里辅助的）四、推理题 (infer-imply-suggest-indicate-conclude) 正确答案特点：文章对应内容的同义改写五、作者态度题 (attitude-be seen as) 做题方法：1.找作者直接评价语句 2.找表达感情色彩的形容词、动词、副词Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _.A) for oceanographic studiesB) for military purposesC) for business considerationsD) for investigating the depths of the oceans22. It was _ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.A) the American NavyB) some early intercontinental travellersC) those who earned a living from the seaD) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was _.A) to make some sound experiments in the oceansB) to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC) to estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD) to measure the depths of two oceans24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means _A) doubted B) gave proof toC) challenged D) agreed to25. This passage is mainly about _A) the beginnings of oceanographyB) the laying of the first undersea cableC) the investigation of ocean depthsD) the early intercontinental communicationsQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences to the study of the sea. 注：1.Oceanography 由 Ocean (海洋) 和 graphy (学科)组成，意为“海洋学” 2.application 表示“申请”用介词for,表示“应用”用介词to 3.第一句给某个东西下定义，称为篇章定义，必为文章主题Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to sea to further his work. 注：1.第二段：在十九世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家很少，可以推断本文根据时间顺序来描述海洋学发展的过程 2.further 跟在 to 后面是个动词，表示“推进”For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.注：1. remote 遥远的 2. and with.多重复合句 3. intercontinental 洲际的 （Inter 在之间，continent 大洲） 4. let alone 更不用说 5. first time 由不感兴趣转折到感兴趣 ，谓语是 was 6. 第二句that引导同位语从句，when引导表语从句，整句意思为“当有人基于商业目的建议在美国和欧洲之间铺设电报电缆的时候，人们才提出问题：海底是什么？” 7.route 路线 router 路由器It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.注：1. it was .that.强调句型 2. turn to sb. for sth. 向某人请教某事 3. 出现问题中划线词：Maury,1840s 3. investigate 调查， 测量The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.注：1.not until 引导的句子要倒装 2.living growth 生物 3.a fact 作同位语 4.contemporary 当代的5.defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means _A) doubted B) gave proof toC) challenged D) agreed to注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition (考察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.注：oceanography 最末一段与第一段首句都出现 oceanagraphy, 回环结构。21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _.A) for oceanographic studiesB) for military purposesC) for business considerationsD) for investigating the depths of the oceans注：推理题。定位第三段,倒数第三行。选项 D 的内容出现在第四段，为窜段选项For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.22. It was _ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.A) the American NavyB) some early intercontinental travellersC) those who earned a living from the seaD) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable注：细节题。定位第四段,选项 B和C是窜段选项It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was _.A) to make some sound experiments in the oceansB) to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC) to estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD) to measure the depths of two oceans注：1.细节题。定位第四段，第二行。 2.B 和 C 是窜段选项，A选项中的sound和文章中的sounding含义不同。It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.24. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means _A) doubted B) gave proof toC) challenged D) agreed to注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段,defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C25. This passage is mainly about _A) the beginnings of oceanographyB) the laying of the first undersea cableC) the investigation of ocean depthsD) the early intercontinental communications注：主题题。主题关键词为oceanographyQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _.A) relationships between causes and resultsB) classification of reasoningC) some other common types of reasoningD) some special type of reasoning2. According to the passage, to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reason _.A) from cause to effectB) from effect to causeC) from effect to effect and on to causeD) from effect to cause and on to another effect3. A necessary cause is _.A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurB) one of the causes that can produce the effectC) one that is enough to make the effect occurD) none of them4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.The power failure is a _.A) necessary cause B) sufficient causeC) contributory cause D) none of them5. This passage mainly discusses _.A) causal reasoning B) classification of causeC) various types of reasoning D) the causal processQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?注：1.reasoning 推理 2.第一句 Another.下结论，是主题句 3.第二、三句 We want to .an examination?是举例,可以略读 4.malnutrition 中“mal”是表示“不好”的前缀；overnutrition 营养过剩Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator wont work we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose （判定）a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.注：1.causal 原因的，因果关系的 2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要 3.extensive 广泛的，来自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛读 4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列 5.本段讲关系链 Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors - pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.注：intersection 交叉路口 inter+sectionIn establishing or refuting (驳斥，反斥) a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged (所宣称的，所指称的) cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _.A) relationships between causes and resultsB) classification of reasoningC) some other common types of reasoningD) some special type of reasoning注：文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-the other/some-anotherAnother common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?2. According to the passage, to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reasonA) from cause to effectB) from effect to causeC) from effect to effect and on to causeD) from effect to cause and on to another effect3. A necessary cause is _.A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurB) one of the causes that can produce the effectC) one that is enough to make the effect occurD) none of them注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient cause，C选项没有必须含义。Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors - pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.The power failure is a _.A) necessary cause B) sufficient causeC) contributory cause D) none of them注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other fa