语法--英语词性分类及用法备课讲稿.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语词性的分类及用法,词性的分类,词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。,词类,英语名称,作用,例词,名词,Noun,（缩写为,n.,）,表示人或事物的名称,party,政党,China,中国,代词,Pronoun(pron.),用来代替名词、形容词或数词等,He,他,that,那,数词,Numeral(num.),表示数量或顺序,one,一,first,第一,形容词,Adjective,（,adj.,）,用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的特性、性质,safe,安全,great,伟大,副词,Adverb(adv.),用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作或形状的特性,hard,艰苦,here,这里,冠词,Article(art.),用在名词前，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物,an,，,a,，,the,动词,Verb(v.),表示人或事物的动作或状态,eat,吃,have,有,介词,Preposition(prep.),用在名词、代词等前面，说明句子中词与词之间的关系,under,在。下,in,在。里,连词,Conjunction(conj.),用来连接词、短语或句子,and,和,but,但是,感叹词,Interjection(interj.),表示说话时的感情或口气,Hello,喂,why,呃，嘿,名词的概念,1,）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：,apple 2,）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如,:family,(,以上两类属于可数名词,)3,）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如,:air 4,）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念，如：,work,happiness,名词复数的规则变化,情况,构成方法,例词,一般情况,加,-s,map-maps,bag-bags,car-cars,以,s,sh,ch,x,等结尾的词,加,-es,bus-buses watch-watches,ce,se,ze,(d)ge,等结尾的词,加,-s,license-licenses,以辅音字母,+y,结尾的词,变,y,为,i,再加,es,baby-babies,其它名词复数的规则变化,1),以,y,结尾的专有名词，或元音字母,+y,结尾的名词变复数时，直 接加,s,变复数：,如：,two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays,2),以,o,结尾的名词，变复数时：,a.,加,s,，如：,photo-photos piano-pianos,radio-radios zoo-zoos,；,b.,加,es,，如：,potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes,3),以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词变复数；,去,f,fe,加,-ves,，如：,half-halves,knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves,；,名词复数的不规则变化,1,）,child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women,2,）单复同形如：,deer,，,sheep,，,fish,，,Chinese,，,Japanese,flower,flower,s,找规律,watch,es,factory-factori,es,leaf-lea,ves,box,es,NOUN.,找规律,tomato,es,potato,es,hero,es,NOUN.,不规则变化,child-childr,en,woman-wom,e,n,deer,sheep,man-m,e,n,goose-g,ee,se,NOUN.,根据所给单词的正确形式填空：,1.Different people may have different _.(idea),2.I often go to work on,.(foot),3.I know one of the,.(boy),4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of,.(glass),5.Please give them their,.(photo),6.Are there any,in the box?(watch),7.There are twelve,in a year.(month),8.Would you like some,?(tomato),9.Look at those,in the boats!(people),10.Look!The,are singing.(woman),11.September 10th is,Day.(teacher),12.Jim has some,.(knife),13.How much are these,?(vegetable),14.,My school is twenty _ walk from here.(minute),15.The girl under the tree is a friend of,_,.(Lucy),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,vegetables,minutes,Lucys,NOUN.,代词,代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。,一、,人称代词,是表示,“,我,”,、,“,你,”,、,“,他,”,、,“,她,”,、,“,它,”,、,“,我们,”,、,“,你们,”,、,“,他们,”,的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,数,单数,复数,单数,复数,格,主格,主格,宾格,宾格,第一人称,I,we,me,us,第二人称,you,you,you,you,第三人称,he,she,it,they,Him,her,it,them,通常，主格作主语,宾格作宾语,通常，当单数的主格作主语时，谓语动词用单数；复数的的主格作主语时，谓语动词用复数。,Eg.,He,is my friend.,Its,me,.,They are from China.,She lent me a book.,I love it.,Are you interested in them?,二、,物主代词,表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分,形容性物主代词,和,名词性物主代词,二种，其人物和数的变化见下表,数,单数,复数,人称,一,二,三,一,二,三,形物,my,your,his/her/,its,our,your,their,名,物,mine,yours,his/hers/its,ours,yours,theirs,通常，形容词性物主代词相当形容词的用法，应该位于名词的前面；名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词,+,名词，之后不接名词,。,Eg.,I like,his,car.,Our,school is here and,theirs,is there.,This is your picture.And that is mine.,三、,指示代词,表示,那个,、,这个,、,这些,、,那些,等指示概念的代词。,单数,复数,this,that,these,those,Eg.That is a good idea.,I love those book in blue.,These people are my friends.,四、,自身代词，也称为,反身代词,表示,我自己,、,你自己,、,他自己,、,我们自己,、,你们自己,和,他们自己,等的代词。,单数,复数,第一人称,myself,ourselves,第二人称,yourself,yourselves,第三人称,himself,herself,itself,themselves,eg.I want something hot.Do you need some coffee?There is nothing good.All of you are students.,六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做,不定代词,。常见的不定代词有,all,，,both,，,each,，,every,等，以及含有,some-,，,any-,，,every-,，,no-,加上,body,，,one,，,thing,的合成代词，如,anybody,，,something,，,no one,。,七、,疑问代词,有,who,，,whom,，,whose,，,what,和,which,等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作,连接代词,，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）,What are you?,Who is his coat?,Whose bag is this?,Which do you prefer?The blue one or the white one?,Could you tell me what is his name?,Mother asked which one I wanted.,1._(,我,)am a worker._(,你,)are a doctor._(,她,)is a teacher.,2.This is_(,他的,)shirt.,3.This is _(,我的,)pen.,4._(,他们的,)trousers are there.,5.I like this picture.Please give _(,它,)to_(,我,).,6.People get _(,他们的,)money from_(,我,).,7._(,他们,)are new students._(,他们的,)names are Lucy and Lily.,8.These are _(,我们的,)shoes.Can _(,我们,)wear _(,它们,).,9,Thank _ for _(,你的,)help.,10._(,他,)loves _,（她）,and _(,她,)loves _,（他）,too.,11._(,我,)love _,（你）,and _(,你,)love _,（我），,too.,I,You,my,his,She,Their,their,me,it,They,Their,me,our,me,them,we,He,your,you,you,you,her,I,him,she,形容词,用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为,形容词,。,作 用,例 句,定 语,You can see a lot of,beautiful,flowers in the garden.,表 语,Your coat is too,small.,宾语补足语,The old woman keeps everything,clean and tidy.,注意：,1.,有些形容词只能作表语，如：,alone,afraid,asleep,等。例如：,The old man is alone.,2.,形容词用来修饰,something,anything,nothing,everything,等不定代词，要放在这些词的后面。,Youd better tell us something interesting.,注意：,一,.,以,-ly,结尾的形容词,1,）,friendly,，,deadly,，,lovely,，,lonely,，,likely,，,lively,，,ugly,，,brotherly,，仍为形容词。,2,）有些以,-ly,结尾既为形容词，也为副词。,daily,，,weekly,，,monthly,，,yearly,，,early,The Times is a daily paper.,The Times is published daily.,二,.,用形容词表示类别和整体,某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：,the dead,，,the living,，,the rich,，,the poor,，,the blind,，,the hungry,三,.,多个形容词修饰名词的顺序,限定词,-,数词,-,描绘词,-(,大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色,)-,出处,-,材料性质，类别,-,名词,a small round table,；,a tall gray building,；,a dirty old brown shirt,；,a famous German medical school,副词,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词,一、,副词的位置,在许多情况下，副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。,The girl dances very well.,2.,有时也放在主语后面，谓语动词前面,(,对动作加以强调,),。,He angrily closed the door.,3.,句中的副词如碰上助动词，,be,动词，则通常放在助动词，,be,动词之后，实义动词之前,We have already read the book.,二,.,副词的分类,1,、,时间和频度副词,:now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,hardly,finally,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday.,注意：,1,副词,very,可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。,改错：,(,错,)I very like English.,(,对,)I like English very much.,注意：,2,副词,enough,要放在形容词的后面，形容词,enough,放在名词前后都可。,I dont know him well enough.,There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.,动词动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词。例如：,run,；,work,；,sleep,，等,动词的分类,1,根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为,行为动词（实义动词）,、,系动词,、,助动词,和,情态动词,四类，有些动词是兼类词,。如：,We have lunch at 12.,I am hungry.,She didnt know him.,You can swim.,系动词,系动词亦称联系动词（,Link Verb,），作为系动词。有些不具词义；有些具有词义，但,不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语,（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,1,）,状态系动词,用来表示主语状态，只有,be,一词，,2,）,表像系动词,用来表示,看起来像,这一概念，主要有,seem,appear,look,3,）,感官系动词,感官系动词主要有,feel,smell,sound,taste,助动词,最常用的助动词有：,be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,1),助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用,2),助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，,a.,表示时态，,He has got married.,b.,表示语态，,He was sent to England.,c.,构成疑问句，,Do you like college life?,d.,与否定副词,not,合用，构成否定句，,I dont like him.,e.,加强语气，,He did know that.,情态动词,情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。,只做情态动词：,must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would),可做情态动词又可做实义动词：,need,dare,具有情态动词特征：,have(had,has)to,used to,实义动词,实义动词,意思完全，,能独立用作谓语,。实义动词有,及物动词,和,不及物动词（,及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词）,Think,want,play,drive,等,动词有五种形态,分别是：,原形,（,Original Form,）、,第三人称单数形式,（,Singular From in Third Personal,）、,过去式,（,Past Form,）、,过去分词,（,Past Participle,）、,现在分词,（,Present Participle,）。,数词,(,表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为,基数词和序数词,。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。,),一、基数词,基数词写法和读法,二、序数词,序数词的缩写形式：,first1st,second2nd,thirty-first31st,基数词,一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：,a.,与,of,短语连用，表示概数，,不能与具体数目连 用，如,scores of people,指许多人；,b.,在一些表示,一排,或,一组,的词组里,；,如：,They arrived in twos and threes.,他们三三两两的到达了。,c.,表示,几十岁,；,d.,表示,年代,，用,in+the+,数词复数；,e.,在乘法运算的一种表示法里,，,如：,3 x 5=15 Three fives is(are)fifteen.,数词的用法,1,）表示倍数,once，,twice,，,three times,2,）表示分数,构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于,1,时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：,1/3 one-third,；,3/37 three and three-sevenths.,介词分类,按结构英语介词可分为,2,类：,1,简单介词,（约有,70,个），如：,in,，,at,，,on,，,by,，,with,，,down,，,for,，,beside,，,along,，,across,等。,2,短语介词,，指多个单词构成的介词，,如，,in front of,out of,instead of,far from,apart from,等。,1.,表示地点位置的介词,at,in,on,to,above,over,below,under,in front of,in the front of,beside,，,behind,2.,表示时间的介词,in,on,，,at,after,from,since,时间名词前介词用法口诀,年前周前要用,in,具体日子要用,on,遇到几号也用,on,上午下午得是,in,要说某日上下午 用,on,换,in,记清楚,午夜黄昏用,at,黎明用它也不错,at,用在时分前,说“差”可要用上,to,说,过,要用,past,表示运动方向的介词：,across,through,4.表示“在之间”的介词：,表示“在之间”的介词在英语中属于,方位,介词，如in front of，behind，on，in，near，under，up,between,among,连词,(,是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。,),连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。,1.,并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：,and,but,or,nor,so,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)then,等等。,2.,从属连词经常引导一个从句,如,:when,where,because,if,as,等,英语词性解析,-,连词,连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：,and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,（,and,）,then,等等。,