thebeginningpatterns.doc

词汇积累：ill-advised/well-advised:不明智的，会造成困难的，考虑不全面的
prosper: to develop in a successful way, to be successful, especially in money
The beginning patterns:
a. 对立法
When asked about…, the overwhelming majority of/most/quite a few people think/believe/answer…, other people regard/view/see/think of… as…, I view quite/a bit differently.
Sample: When asked what kind of career they will pursue upon graduation, most of college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them a lot of money and a comfortable life. Working in a big bank or company is what they desire. But I think quite differently. I would prefer a career which will help realize my potentials.

To prefer to do something
To prefer A to(prep.) B
I prefer reading at home to going outside.
I prefer to read at home.

Now a lot of/the majority of /most people believe/think/feel that ….Although/Admittedly..., there is no evidence/little evidence it is questioned whether…
Sample: There is some feeling nowadays that reading is not as necessary as it once was. Radio and especially television have taken over many of the functions once served by print. Admittedly, television and radio serve as some functions extremely well. But it may be seriously questioned whether the advent of modern communication media had much enhanced our intellectual skills.
Advent: development
Enhance: improve
Media—medium

now, it is commonly/generally/widely accepted/recognized/acknowledged that …. They claim/believe/argue that …, but I /doubt whether

b. 现象法
对某种社会现象，倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章，往往在一开始首先引出这种现象或问题，然后评论。

recently the phenomenon of/ problem of / rise in … has drawn/aroused/ public/world-wide attention.

recently, the issue/problem of … has been brought into focus./brought to public attention.
Sample:
The problem of development (versus) vs. environment has now been in the limelight（公众注意的中心）/spotlight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the world’s largest population faces pollution, deforestation, and acid rain on a large scale. afforestation

c. 观点法
文章开门见山，直截了当提出作者对文章要讨论的问题的观点，也即文章的中心思想。
Now people in increasing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to accept/be aware that…

Now there is a growing awareness/recognition on the part of people of the necessity/importance to/of

d. 引用法
文章开头引用名人名言，谚语，或有代表性的看法见解来引出文章要讨论的一种观点。
“Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom”, such is the opinion of Bacon.
“Familiar notions are often those least examined”, such is the remark made by Edison. Remarkable achievements
“Genius is 2 percent inspiration and 98 percent perspiration”, such is the remark made by one of the great men/Einstein.
This view/remark has been shared/confirmed now/time and again by more and more people.

Sample:
“Great minds must be ready not only to take/grasp the opportunity, but to make them,” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
Be important
Be of importance
Be vital (be of great importance)
Be essential完全必要的，极其重要的，本质的，基本的

Sample:
Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of M. J. Adler, a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. No college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate; and no one should be content to simply end his education with high school education or college education.
Be content to do :愿意
“…” That’s how one commented/complained/criticized… He is hardly alone in the experience. / Many people have shared the experience like this.
Sample:
“All I have learnt in college is junk.” That’s how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complaint that the degree they took away can’t help them secure a rewarding（报酬高的） job, and the knowledge they acquired in class can’t be transformed into useful job skills.

e.比较法
通过对过去与现在两种不同倾向，态度和观点的比较，引出文章要讨论的主题。
For years … had been seen as… But that is changing now. With the growing demand for …, people… .
Until recently… was viewed as … But people are taking a fresh look at it. With the mounting interest in …, people… .
For years … had been regarded as … But that is changing now. With the growing concern over …, people… .

Several years/decades ago, people …. Now … . Why do people…/has such change taken place?
Sample
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time job. “Why? Maybe he is short of money,” they thought. Nowadays, it is not an uncommon occurrence（发生的事情） that college students are working as tutors, salesmen and tour guides. Many students put up advertisements on bulletin boards(公告板，布告板) or lamp posts（灯柱） to search for odd jobs（零散的工作，杂活pl）. Why do many students show great interest in a part-time or a summer job?
f. 问题法
开头用一个要讨论或解答的问题设问，引起读者的兴趣。
Should/what …? Opinions of/Attitudes toward … vary greatly. Some think of/regard/view … as…. Others argue/believe/claim（声称，宣称，断言）…
Sample:
Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? People’s attitude toward the doctor’s lie varies from person to person. Some see important reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake; others think that truthful information should not be denied or distorted.
“Why…?” Of all the complaints/discussions/debate I have heard, this is the one most frequently uttered/voiced.
Sample:
“Why do we have to learn all this dumb（哑的，不能说话的，愚蠢的） stuff?” Of all the complaints and questions have heard from my classmates during my college life, this was the one most frequently uttered. I would answer that it can widen your mind and prepare you for your future life.

How to develop the body

a. 原因结果型
There are probably several/a number of/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant/marked increase/decline/growth in … . First… Second…

Why have/did/are …? For one reason…For another …by reason of 由于。。的原因Perhaps the main reason is…
To begin with … In the second place…
One reason is… Another reason is…
Sample:
Why is there an explosive growth in general participation in sports? One reason is a national hunger for physical fit/increasing concern over our health, which is manifested（manifest: to show sth clearly, esp a feeling, an attitude or a quality） in city parks on early mornings. But what accounts for(是。。。的原因，解释) most of the enthusiasm is that sports and games are a healthy, but cheap way to fill their leisure time which has increased as working hours have reduced now.

These factors, coupled with（couple sth with sth把。。。与。。。连接起来） the growth/change/recognition(承认，认可)/realization of…
Sample:
It is commonly accepted belief（sing,u:看法，信念） that interest in English, coupled with the growing awareness of its role in seeking highly paid positions in big corporations, leads to a nationwide enthusiasm for learning English.

b. 引用数据法
在说明某个观点时，有时需要借用一些报刊，社会结构或者政府公布的调查数据和结果。
According to a/the new/recent/latest survey/census, in 2008/from 1998-2008, …increased/rose/dropped at a rate of …percent/ an average of … percent.
More than three quarters people preferred…, compared with 20 percent last year.
Sample:
About 80 percent of the college bound said they still lacked “enough facts to make an informal decision” as to which college they should apply for. Over two-thirds wanted to know more about academic programs（课程）, student activities, faculty（高等院校的系、院） strengths and weaknesses, and living accommodations（pl膳宿，住宿） on campus.

Collapse/decline/drop;soar/rocket/rise/increase
Apparently/clearly/dearly/considerably/markedly/sharply/significantly/remarkably
Gradually
Be hardly changed/have little change/keep steady/level off/out remain constant/unchanged
A is in direct/inverse proportion to B.
A is directly/inversely proportional to B.

c. 举例说明法
The most dramatic example of this is …
This offers a typical example of this …
As an illustration, we may take…
Sample:
It is a good thing to extend human life, but is it a good to extend human suffering? Take the case of a man who is so ailing(有病的，体弱的) that he has lost all his faculties: he is in hospital in an unconscious state with little chance of coming round（恢复知觉，苏醒）, but he is kept alive by artificial means for an indefinite（期限不定的） period. Everyone, his relatives and even the doctors, agree that death will bring release（解脱，轻松感u,sing）. Indeed, the patient himself would agree if he were in a position to give voice to his feeling.

Just imagine what it would be like if/when/without…
Sample:
it is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities.
Drab: without interest or color, dull and boring
d. 事实证实法
We must accept/admit/recognize the indisputable/undeniable fact that…

There is statistical(统计的，统计学的)/sufficient/considerable evidence that/to show that/in favor of …
Sample:
There is statistical evidence that personal choice in relation to behaviors plays an important role in one’s health. An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current knowledge.

Tests/studies/investigations have shown/revealed/indicated that …
Sample:
Physically, the most important value of exercise is the way it trains your heart. Studies have shown that people who continue to exercise late into adult life live longer and are less likely to die from heart attacks.

1. 如何写好文章的结尾段

一般来讲，结尾有两个作用： 一是总结全文要点，使其前后照应，给读者留下较深刻的印象；二是促使读者在讨论的问题上朝更深的方向思索。好的结尾一定与起始段和主体段一致。

a. 结论性结尾
主要用于通过文章前面的讨论分析，引出文章的中心思想和论点
From what has been discussed above, / Taking into account all these factors, / Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely/reasonably arrive at/reach the conclusion that…

In summary/conclusion/a word, it is more important /valuable that we should/must….
Sample:
In conclusion, health is more important than wealth. Those who are rich but lose their health are no more happy and fortunate than those who are poor. If you want your wish to come true, health is the most important ingredient of your success.

b. 号召性结尾

It might be time to take the warning/advice of … and to put great/considerable emphasis on the improvement/ promotion/ development of….
Sample:
Years ago, some experts warned us that improved standard of living may lead to a decline in the moral standard. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart and to lay new emphasis on the national morality while enjoying the richest life we ever have.

c. 建议性结尾

It is hoped/suggested that considerable/sustained efforts should be made/ focused on the attempt ….

Sample:
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent(执着的，不屈不挠的，坚持不懈的) effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it may be, and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.

While/Although it cannot be solved immediately/ is affected by many factors/is simpler to say than to do, still there are ways. The most common/popular is …. Another way/method is…. Still another one is….

Sample:
Although the present decline in students’ class attendance can not be solved immediately, maintaining student attention and interest is still a big challenge for the classroom lecturers. One way for professors to meet the challenge is to brighten the lectures with anecdotes for comic relief. Another way is to integrate visuals into classroom activities. Still another way is to punctuate the lectures with class discussion.

d. 引言性结尾
If we want to achieve our success/goal, we can learn from the words of Bacon/Edison…