大学英语语法讲义.doc

第一部分 虚拟语气的用法要点一Should+动词原形型1. 坚决要命型：在“建议”propose, suggest, advise，recommend，“决定”insist，decide，“要求，需要”require, demand, request, ask,“命令”order等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气，其形式是should +动词原形，should可以省略。1） He proposed that we (should) set up a committee to look into the matter. 他提议我们建立一个委员会来调查此事。2） He wanted to go to Paris, but the doctor asked that he not go. 他想去巴黎，但医生要他别去。We advised that they should start early.我们建议他们及早开始。Im not the person to recommend how the job should be done.我不是能为做此事出主意的人。2. 与上述动词相关的主语从句及同位语从句中也要求用虚拟语气,其形式是should+动词原形,should可以省略。如：It has been ordered that no one should go to bed until further information. 命令说没有进一步的通知谁都不能休息。It was suggested that measures be taken to minimize the damage. 有人建议采取措施把损失降到最小。My proposal is that he be in charge of the whole thing.我建议由他来负责整件事。3. 在含有形容词necessary（必需的，需要的）, important（重要的）, essential（必要的，不可缺少的），advisable（明智的，可取的）, strange（奇怪的）,incredible（难以置信的），vital（至关重要的）等的主语从句中及its a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder等主语从句中要求用虚拟语气，其形式是should+动词原形，should可以省略。如：It is important that students (should) attend all the lectures. 所有的学生都应该去听讲座，这是很重要的。Its strange that he should be here.他在这儿真奇怪。Its a great pity that he should be so conceited.真遗憾他竟会这样自高自大。4. in case, for fear that, lest 做“万一，惟恐，以防”解时，要用虚拟语气，其形式是should+动词原形, should可以省略。如：He burned all the important papers for fear that they should fall into enemys hands. 他烧毁了所有的重要条件以防它们落到敌人的手中。Lest anyone should think it strange, let me assure you that it is quite true.我向你们保证那是真事，以免有人觉得奇怪。（即“坚决要命” 型：坚持建议suggest, propose, advise, recommend;决定insist, decide;要求，重要的require, demand, request, important, 命令order, ask）.二if条件句中1. if 引导的条件句中，如果所说的与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其具体的规则如下：主句从句与现在事实相反Would/should/could+动词原形一般过去时与过去事实相反Would/should/could have done过去完成时与将来事实相反Would/should/could+动词原形Should+动词原形/一般过去时/were to+动词原形如：If I had studied hard, I would have passed the final exam.如果我以前努力学习，我就会通过期末考试了。If he were not in, what would we do? 如果他不在，我们该怎么办？If you were to leave tomorrow, I would show you off at the airport.如果你明天走，我就去机场送你。这一项中尤其要注意的一点是主句与从句时间不一致的用法。但只要熟悉上表所列规则，便可迎刃而解。如：If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.如果我参加了昨天的会议，现在我就知道发生了什么事了。If he were in good health, we would have asked him to do that job.如果他身体好，那时我们就让他去做这项工作了。If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now. 如果你当时接受我们的建议，你现在就不会有麻烦了。还有一点要注意的是虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合。如：I would gladly lend you the money, but I really _(not have it).我会很乐意借钱给你，但我（）确实没有。I would have gladly lent you the money, but I really _(not have it).我会很乐意借钱给你，但我（）确实没有。I would have come earlier, but I didnt know you were waiting.我其实可以早些到，但我不知道你在等我。2. if引导的条件句中，可以省略if把had, should, were提前到句首倒装。如：Had it not been for him, I would be in hospital now.要不是他，我现在就在医院里了。Should anyone call, tell him that Im not in.有人打电话的话，告诉他我不在。Were it left to me to decide, I would choose to go to college.如果让我决定，我会选择去上学。三一般过去式型1. Its (high/about) time that（是的时间）引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，其形式是一般过去式。如：Its (high) time that we went to school.我们该上学了。四其他1. wish（但愿，希望）, would rather/sooner（宁愿）, had rather（宁愿）引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气。其规则如下：与现在事实相反与过去事实相反动词过去式(be动词用were)had+过去分词如：I wish I were rich. 我恨不得我很富有。I wish he wouldnt go out every night.他要不是每天晚上都出去就好了。I wish you hadnt told me all this.我倒希望你当初别把这一切都告诉我。I would rather you came tomorrow (you had gone there too).我宁愿你明天来(你也去了)。I could go myself but I would sooner you went.我自己也能去，但我宁愿你去。I had rather that you told him than I did.我宁愿你告诉他而不是我。2 if only（要是就好了）用法与wish相似。如：If only I were rich. 但愿我很富有。If only it would stop raining.真希望雨能停。If only I had attended yesterdays lecture!我去听了昨天的讲座就好了!3as if/as though（好像，似乎） 引导的从句中一般也要求用虚拟语气，但在look, taste, sound, smell, feel等之后现代英语中也可以不用。如：She treats (treated) the child as if he were her own child. 她对待这个孩子就像自己的亲生孩子一样。He speaks (spoke) in such a way as if he had been there many times.他说话的样子就像他曾经去过那儿很多次了。4在有but for，without的词的句子中，要求用虚拟语气。如：Without your help，we wouldnt have finished the task in time. But for you, I would be in hospital now.第二部分 复合句的要点一、定语从句引导定语从句的关联词包括：（1）关系代词：that，which，whose，who，whom，as（2）关系副词：when，where，why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分，关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时，一般可以省去。 一）关系代词的选用比较复杂，它受下列条件的限制：1）先行词是指人还是指物；2）关系代词在从句中的句法作用；3）定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。 二）关系副词的选用相对简单。如先行词是表示时间的名词，用when；如先行词是表示地点的名词，用where；如先行词是reason，则用why。（关系副词相当于介词加关系代词）The man that/who was talking to me was the president.The man that/whom I met was the president.Oct.1 is the day when the PRC was founded.This is the factory where I worked last year.下面举例说明：I know he is a man who (that) means what he says.The gentleman whom (that) she met was a well-known professor.The watch which (that) was lost has been found.Here is the material which (that) you need.Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.Ill never forget the village where (in which) I spent my childhood.Ill always remember the day when (on which) I first saw him.I dont know the reason why (for which) he did that.His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.The generals daughter, whose name was Ann, gave me a sweet smile.注意：that 与which在做关系代词时，都可以表示物，但有区别。1 在非限定性定语从句中，只能用which；2 在介词之后的定语从句中，只能用which；3 当先行词是不定代词（something，anything，nothing，everything，none，little，few，much，all，etc）时，只用that；4 当先行词被形容词最高级（most）、序数词（first，last）、不定代词（some，any，no，every，little，few，much，all），或only，very等词修饰时，只能用that；5 当先行词是that时，关系代词只能用which；例如：1 This is the house in which he was born。(其他写法?)2 I couldnt find anything that satisfies my needs.3 This is the most interesting film that has been shown in this theater. (可否省略that?)4 This is the very bike that I am looking for. (可否省略that?)5 That is all that I want to say. (all that = what)6 That is all that is needed to finish this task.注意：that与who都可以表示人，但也有区别：1 that只用于限定性定语从句中，而who则不受此限制；2 当先行词的前后有形容词最高级或any，only，first，last等词修饰时，只用that；3 当先行词为those时，通常用who；4 当定语从句为there be句型时，做从句主语的关系代词只用that，可省略；5 当先行词who为，后紧跟定语从句时，只用that。例如：1 He, who used to be an honest man, now is a criminal.2 He is the best speaker that addressed the meeting.3 Who that had been there for but a few hours could ever forget?4 Those who are free now may go home.5 He is supposed to be a gifted writer that there has ever been.三）先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which或as来引导。which一般只能置于句中或句末，而as的位置比较灵活。Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen， which（as）is known to all。He was awarded a gold medal, which his whole family considered a great honor.As had been expected, he finished the task ahead of time.四）在主句中有same或such，可以用as引导定语从句。He is such a kind of person as I will never understand.Exercise:This is the museum _ they visited last week.This is the museum _ they worked last week.This is the museum _ has been recently rebuilt.This museum is _ they worked last week.This museum is _ they visited last week.a)that b)which c)where d)in which e)the one f)the one where g)the one thath)the one which I)不填二、名词性从句名词性从句在句子中起名词的作用，包括主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句。从属连词有：that，if，whether；连接副词有：when，where，why，how；连接代词有：what，who，which，who，whom，whose，whoever，whatever，however；注意：1 在含有主语从句的复合句中，为保持句子的平衡，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语置于句末。e.g.：It is well known that water is indispensable to life。（It is very important for you to learn English well。/ It is very kind of you to help me。）2 whether引导的名词从句在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语；而if引导的句子只能作宾语。（whether用得广）e.g.：I dont know whether (if) he is at home. Whether he comes or not is still not clear.3 同位语从句通常由that引导，常跟在名词fact，idea，opinion，news，hope，belief，etc后，that不能省略。e.g.：We are familiar with the fact that all matter consists of atoms。 The news that we are invited to the meeting is very encouraging。4 that引导主语从句时要特别注意，不能省略。e.g.：That there was a traffic jam is no excuse for your being late。5 特别注意what的用法。e.g.：We are surprised at what he did。What he said surprised all of us。Time is what we need to finish the project。He is not what he used to be.三、状语从句一）时间状语从句从属连词有：after，as，by, before，once，since（完成时），till，until（notuntil），while，when，as soon as（主将从现），as long as，instantly，immediately，directly，the day，every time，the minute，the second，the moment，etc。Immediately he arrived，he started to tell us what has happened。The children rushed out of the classroom the second the bell rang。(注意要点：1 by完成时态，将来完成时will have done2 since用法3 when与while的区别：when时间点be doing, be about towhen，while时间段while I was in London4 名词引导句子5 主将从现6 Not until用法)二）条件状语从句从属连词有：if，unless，so（as）long as，in case，provided that，suppose that，supposing that（given，considering，judging from，generally speaking），etc。Provided （that）my expenses are covered by the company，I will go on business。Suppose it rains tomorrow，what shall we do？三）原因状语从句从属连词有：because，since，as，for，now that，in that，considering that，etc。Now that the weather has improved， lets go out for a walk。Theory is valuable in that it can provide direction for practice。四）让步状语从句从属连词有：though，although，even if，no matter how，whatever，whenever，as，etc。Young as he is，he knows quite a lot about society。Wealthy as he is, he is not happy.五）目的状语从句从属连词有：that，so that，in order that，lest，in case，etc。She got up early in the morning so that she could catch the early bus。六）结果状语从句从属连词有：so that, so(adj./adv.)that，such(n.)that，etc。She got up early in the morning, so that she caught the early bus。It was so cold that we had to stay inside.Its such a good chance that we mustnt miss it.七）方式状语从句从属连词有：as，as if，the way，how，etc。He made some changes as you had suggested。I dont like the way you speak.八）比较状语从句从属连词有：asas，not so/asas，more than，less than，superior to，inferior to，junior to，senior to，times，etc。Are white people superior to black people？This room is three times the size of（as large as/larger than）that one。The students in my class study harder than those in your class。第三部分 非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。一、 非谓语动词作动词宾语和宾语补足语一） 作宾语 A接动词ing形式的词1 后接动词ing形式的动词admit，advise，advocate，allow，anticipate，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，deny，dislike，dread, encourage, endure，enjoy，escape，excuse，fancy，finish，imagine，include，involve，keep，mind，miss，pardon，permit，postpone，practise，prevent，propose, recall, recollect, require，resent，resist，risk，spend, cant stand, suggest，understand，etc。e.g.：Accepting this job involves living in London。Do you mind my/me smoking here?My parents were happy with my brothers coming home for the spring festival.2 后接动词ing形式的动词词组give up，put off，amount to，attend to，be accustomed to，be used to，be opposed to，devote to，feel like，have trouble(difficulty) in, have a hard(good) time, look forward to，object to，resort to，submit to，cant help，keep from，prevent from，set about，succeed in，etc。e.g.：She has been used to living in Beijing。3 后接动词ing形式的形容词busy，worth，worthwhile，etc。Is it worthwhile making such an experiment？4 后接动词ing形式的名词 point，use，good，need, trouble，difficulty，etc。There is no point in thinking about it。She had great trouble in finding this place。 (be worth doing, be busy doing, have difficulty / trouble in doing, it is no good/ no use/ worthwhile doing, there is no need/ no point in doing, how/ what about doing, whats the point of doing, whats the use of doing, a waste of time doingIt is a waste of time trying to make him change his mind.How about going out for a walk after diner?)B接动词不定式的词 afford，agree，aim，arrange，ask，attempt，beg，bother，care，choose，claim，continue，dare，decide，demand，deserve，desire，determine，expect，fail，help，hesitate，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，strive，tend，wish，appear，turn out，etc。 (it is said that, it is known that, it seems that, it happens that, it is likely that=said to, known to, seems to, happens to, likely to)e.g.：Dont hesitate to ask me questions if you dont understand。 He pretended not to have heard this remark。C既可接动词ing形式，又可接不定式的词 begin，cease，continue，deserve，dread，fear，forget，hate，intend，like，loveneed，neglect，prefer，regret，remember，require，start，try，want，stop，etc。 在某些动词后，两种形式意义差别不大。如： He had really intended staying （to stay）longer。 She doesnt like fishing（to fish）。 但在某些动词后，两种形式意义差别明显。这类动词包括：chance, forget，remember，try，mean，regret，stop，quit, go on，etc。 He has forgotten meeting her last year. He has forgotten to meet her. Try pressing the green button and see if the machine will start. 试一试 John tried to do the sum（算术题） in his head. 设法 Success means working very hard. He meant to drive there, but his car broke down. Dick chanced climbing Mount Jolmo Lungma without carrying the oxygen container. 冒险试试 Tom chanced to find his lost bile in front of a store. 碰巧 He gave us a briefing and went on to show us around the campus. 不定式是状语（做了简短介绍后，他接着带我们参观校园） He went on working in spite of the noise around him. 分词是宾语 （尽管周围噪音很大，他仍不停地工作） 还有几个动词后面既可以接动词ing形式，又可以接动词不定式的被动式，这类动词有：need，want，require，deserve，demand，etc。 The flowers in the garden need watering（to be watered）. The matter demands looking into. These language points deserve mentioning.二） 作宾语补足语作宾语补足语要求省略to不定式的动词包括感官动词和使役动词，如：feel，hear，see，listen to，look at，notice，observe，watch；have（have sth. done），let，make，etc。e.g.：I will try to have someone repair the recorder for you。The boss made them work 10 hours a day。 注意：当这些动词用于被动语态时，后面的动词不定式必须带to。如： They were made to work 10 hours a day。 He was seen to come out of the bank after the robbery。 另外，在如cannot but，do nothing but/except，had better，had best，rather than，would ratherthan等结构后也要求不带to的不定式。 He said he would do anything except cook. I missed the last bus. I could do nothing but stay in the village for the night. Rather than go by bus, he walks to his office every day. He helped me (to) mow the lawn.三） 不定式作状语表(意想不到的)结果，表将来He jumped into the pool to save the child only to break his own leg.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.John left his hometown ten years ago, never to return. 结果We went to buy the football tickets only to be told that the match was cancelled.These are the letters to be sent out this afternoon.Are you going to the party to be held on New Years Eve?二、 现在分词与过去分词的用法、with结构和独立主格形式一） 现在分词与过去分词的用法现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在语态和时间上。在语态上，现在分词表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思；在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已经完成。简而言之，现在分词表示主动、进行，过去分词表示被动、完成。这一原则一定要牢记。如：the developing countries，the developed countries；the falling leaves，the fallen leaves；the rising sun, the risen sunthe touching story，the touched audience；(surprise)etc。（modifier）作定语时，某些过去分词既能前置也能后置，但意义不同。I notice a concerned look in