词汇、形容词及副词、冠词.doc

形容词和副词
一.形容词
1. 语法意义
表示人或事物的属性或性质，通常用于修饰、限制或说明名词。
如：a book→ a good book， a car →a red car
a girl →a beautiful girl， a man → a strong man
2. 形容词的功能
(1) 作定语（修饰名词说明其性质或特征）
如：This is a difficult problem.
I have a happy family.
(2) 作表语（与连系动词构成系表结构说明主语的性质或特征）
如：The dog is lovely.
Lily’s dress is beautiful.
(3) 作宾语补足语（说明宾语的性质状态或特征）
如：I found the book interesting.
His words made me angry.
3. 形容词作定语时的位置
(1) 单个形容词作定语时，通常置于其所修饰的名词前。
如：a black bag
(2) 修饰some, every, no与thing及body构成的不定代词时，形容词需后置。
如: There is nothing important.
(3) enough作形容词修饰名词时，通常置于名词前，但在一些特别的结构中也可用于名词后。
如：We haven’t got enough time.
There will be time enough for that later.
注意：enough作副词时需置于其所修饰的词后。如: big enough
(4) alive (活着的), alone(只有，仅仅), present(在场的), else(其他的), here, there 等必须放在被修饰名词的后面。
如：Man alone has the ability to speak. （只有人类有说话的能力。）
(5)形容词短语用作定语时通常后置。
如：All the people young and old are against the plan.
4. 多个形容词修饰同一名词时的排列顺序。
限定评尺形，时色源物用。
限定词（包括冠词，人称代词，指示代词等）+ 评价性的形容词+尺寸（大小）+形状+时间+色彩 +来源（产地）+物质（材料） +用途+ 名词。
如：A lovely small round old red French wood writing desk
5. 形容词的级别
形容词分为三级：原级、比较级、最高级
① 原级：不与其他事物做比较的形容词原形。
② 比较级：用于两者之间的比较，表示程度较高的。
③ 最高级：用于三者或三者以上事物间的比较，表示程度最高的。
6 形容词/副词比较级和最高级的构成
(1). 规则变化。
①一般情况下，单音节的词在词尾加er或est。
如：old-older-oldest great-greater-greatest
②单音节词的最后一个字母为e时，只加r或st。
如：fine-finer-finest large-larger-largest
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i，再加-er和est。
如：angry-angrier-angriest
④ 闭音节词如果末尾只有一个辅音字母而其前又为短元音时，须双写辅音字母，再加-er,-est。
如：big-bigger-biggest thin-thinner-thinnest
⑤多音节词和由-ful, -less, -able, -ous, -ing等结尾的词，在原级前加more, most构成比较级和最高级。
如：important-more important-most important
7. 形容词/副词的常见句型
(1) 原级句型结构
① as+原级+as
如：She is as tall as her sister.
② not so/as+原级+as (= less+原级+than)
如: This job is not so difficult as that one.
=This job is less difficult than that one.
③ as+原级+名词+ as
如: She has as much trouble as I have.
Our school has as many students as theirs.
④ the same as/similar to/different from
如：This car is the same as Tom’s.
He is different from his father.
(2)比较级的常见句型结构
① 比较级+than
如：Mary is older than me.
② 比较级+and+比较级 越来越
如：The days are getting colder and colder.
③ the +比较级, the +比较级 “越……,越……”
如：The more you practice, the better you will learn it.
(3)最高级常见句型结构
① the +最高级+of…/in…
如：Jack is the tallest boy in his class.
② be one of/among +the+最高级+复数名词
如：Qingdao is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
8：关于形容词最高级用法的几种特殊情况
① 最高级前通常加the，但其前有所有格修饰时不加。
如：This book is my newest one.
② most前用a/an时表示“很，非常”，相当于very。
如：He is a most successful man.他是一个非常成功的男人。
③ 序数词+最高级 第……最大、高、长……
如：It’s the second longest one.

二、副词
1. 语法意义
表示行为或状态发生的时间、地点或方式，主要用来修饰动词、形容词或另一个副词，也用于修饰整个句子。
2. 副词的构成
① 一般在形容词词尾加ly。
如：slow-slowly, clear-clearly
② 形容词词尾为y时，y变为i,再加ly。
如：easy-easily, happy-happily
③ 形容词词尾为le时，直接改为ly。
如： single-singly, humble-humbly
④ 形容词词尾为ll,直接加y.
如：full-fully, dull-dully
⑤ 有些副词与形容词形式相同。
如：late, early, high
⑥ 形容词词尾为ue的，去e加ly。
如：due-duly, true-truly
3.副词的分类
副词可以分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、频度副词、原因副词等。
(1) 时间副词:now, today, soon, first, yesterday 等
(2)地点副词: here, there, far, near, inside, outside, back 等
(3)程度副词 :very, quite, much, most, too, rather等
(4)频度副词: sometimes, usually, always, often 等
(5)方式或状态副词: carefully, quickly, easily, suddenly 等
(6)疑问副词:how, when, where, why 等
(7)连接副词:how, when, where, why，whether用来引导名词性从句
如：Do you know where we will go ?
4. 副词比较级、最高级的构成同形容词。
5：副词的位置
副词的位置相对比较灵活，可置于句首、句中或句末，但要注意以下情况：
① 副词修饰形容词或其他副词时，通常置于其所修饰的词前。
如：She is a very lovely girl.
② 由动词+副词所组成的动词短语，宾语是代词时，副词放在代词之后；若宾语是名词，副词放在名词之前后都可以。
如：Please cut the bananas up / cut up the bananas carefully.
Class, please put it up!
③ 有助动词时，频度副词常置于主动词和系动词、助动词之间；句中多个助动词时，则置于第一个助动词之后。
如：You’ll always be asked to keep silence over what’s happened.
注意：副词的排列顺序
汉语：时间-地点 英语：地点-时间
④ 修饰动词时，若为不及物动词，则置于动词后，若为及物动词，则置于其宾语后。

如： They sang and danced happily.
She finished the work easily.
形容词和副词
Ⅰ.中考真题演练
1. The Internet is really ________to us. We can download a lot of things from it.
A. useful B. difficult C. different D. safe
2. Tom is ________ than any other players in the school team.
A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. more tall
3. In the talent show, I performed well and Ann did even ________.
A.well B.better C.more D.worse
4. A 100-year-old man ran a marathon in Toronto on Sunday. He became the ________person to complete the long-distance running in the world.
A. youngest B. best C. biggest D. oldest
5. Breakfast is ________ meal of the day. It provides us with energy after a long night without food.
A. important B. more important C. the most important D. very important
6. Wembley Stadium（温布利大球场）is one of the ________soccer fields in the world.
It will be the place for soccer matches during the Olympics next month.
A. famous B. more famous C. most famous
7.–How is Susan?
–Oh, she lives abroad, so I ________ever see her.
A. hardly B. greatly C. clearly D. nearly
8. Cathy was born blind so she has ________seen our beautiful world．
A. often B. sometimes C. seldom D. never
9. 6. My friend Frank sings well, and he is ________good at playing the guitar.
A. not B. also C. yet D. too
10. — Do you know sound travels very fast?
— Yes. But light travels ________sound.
A. as fast as B. a little faster than C. much faster than D. slower than
11. We must keep the classroom ________.
A. clean B. to clean C. cleaning D. cleaned
12.—We all like Miss Wang.
—I agree with you. She always makes her English class ________.
A. intereste B. interest C. interesting
13. Sally used to be________, but now she enjoys meeting and talking to new friends.
A. active B. shy C. honest D. outgoing
14. A smile costs nothing, but gives so ________.
A. little B. few C. many D. much
15. —What do you think of the NBA basketball match last night?
—It was ________. I really enjoyed it.
A. boring B. wonderful C. strange D. terrible
16. There are many tall green trees on ________side of the street.
A. either B. both C. all D. every
17. We felt ________when Liu Xiang won the first prize again in the race.
A. brave B. proud C. successful D. worried
18. He feels lonely. He has ________friends here except me.
A. many B. some C. few D. more
19. The smile on the teacher’s face showed that she was ________with us.
A. strict B. pleased C. angry D. sorry
20. We find it ________to do some reading every day.
A. easily B. be enjoyable C. helpful D. interested
21. The Internet is really ________to us. We can easily find the information we need.
A. safe B. hard C. boring D. useful
22. — What's your ________name, please?
— Robert Thomas Brown. You can call me Robert.
A. family B. given C. first D. full
23. The story is ________and all of us are in it.
A. interest; interesting B. interesting; interest
C. interested; interesting D. interesting; interested
24. —It’s going to rain. Let me fetch an umbrella for you.
—Thank you. You are so ________.
A. lucky B. kind C. relaxing D. interesting
25. —How do you like the game show?
—________. I can’t stand it.
A. Funny B. Important C. Perfect D. Awful
26.Most students think they should have ________time and energy to develop their own interests.
A. few B. less C. little D. more
27. We love to go to the country in spring as the flowers smell so ________.
A. well B. nice C. wonderfully D. nicely
28. The letter from my uncle was short. There wasn't ________news.
A. many B. a few C. much D. few
29. —I wore sports shoes to the ball yesterday evening by mistake!
—Oh, dear, you must be very ________at the ball!
A. embarrassed B. satisfied C. tired D. surprised
30. The more you smile, the ________you will feel.
A. happy B. happier C. happily D. more happily
31.—Which city is your favorite
—Hangzhou, of course. It’s the ________place that I want to visit.
A. worse B. worst C. better D .best
32. —Are you satisfied with the result of the exam?
—Not at all. I can’t have ________.
A. a worse one B. a better one C. the worst one D. the best one
33. After practicing for several months, I can swim much ________now.
A. slower B. slowest C. faster D. fastest
34. —Would you mind staying in such a noisy room?
—No, but my son needs a ________place to study in.
A. cleaner B. quieter C. safer D. smaller
35. Some students are so ________that they often make mistakes in their homework.
A. careful B. serious C. careless D. successful
36.—What do you think of Liu Huan?
—Oh, he is my favorite singer. I think no one can sing ________.
A. good B. well C. better D best
37. Mr. Smith thought the Century Park was the second ________in Shanghai.
A. large B. larger C. largest D. very large
38. Mum, this T-shirt is much too small for me. Would you buy me a ________one?
A. nice B. large C. nicer D. larger
39.—Which do you like ________, summer or winter?
—I prefer summer.
A. good B. well C. better D. best
40. Of the two coats, she’d like to choose the ________one to save money for a book.
A. cheapest B. cheaper C. more expensive D. most expensive
41. Xi'an is one of ________capital ________in China.
A. older, city B. the older, city C. oldest, cities D. the oldest, cities
42. Now China has joined WTO（世贸组织）, so I think English is ________useful than before.
A. more B. most C. much D. many
43. —Which color do you like ________, yellow, green or black?
—Green.
A.good B.well C. better D. best
44. — It's so cold today.
— Yes, it's ________colder than it was yesterday.
A. some B. more C. very D. much
45. Dear students. Please read every sentence carefully. The more ______ you are, the ________mistakes you’ll make.
A. carefully, fewer B. careful; less C. careful; fewer
46. My sister has practiced tennis for a long time. She plays tennis ________ you.
A. as good as B. so well as C. as well as
47. —Do you know what has happened in Japan recently?
—The earthquake! It’s ________one that I have ever heard of.
A. a very serious B. a more serious C. the most serious
48. The boy doesn't speak ________his sister, but his written work is very good.
A. as well as B. so good as C. more better than D. more worse than
49. —________scientific attitude is needed in developing our city.
— I agree with you. In this way, we can make ________mistakes.
A. Fewer; less B. Less; more C. More; fewer
50. Funtawild Adventure is very popular and ________tourists visit it year by year.
A. more and more B. fewer and fewer C. less and less D. more or less
51. —Which city has ________population, Shunghai, Hong Kong or Qingdao?
—Shanghai, of course.
A. the smallest B. the least C. the most D. the largest
52. Li Hua studies English very ________and her English is ________in her class.
A. careful, good B. carefully, well C. careful, best D. carefully, the best
53. He has read many books on history, so it's ________for him lo answer these questions.
A. hard B. impossible C. easy D. serious
54. His grandparents live ________in a small house, but they don’t feel ________.
A. lonely; alone B. alone; lonely C. lonely; lonely D. alone; alone
55. After three hours' long walk, the boys look rather ________.
A. excited B. bored C. tired D. stressed
56. A foreign visitor is coming to visit our new house this evening. My mother will offer him ________to eat.
A. anything delicious B. something real Chinese
C. something Japanese food D. delicious something

一、冠词

类别
形式
用法概述
不定冠词
a
表示泛指，意义同one
用于以辅音发音开头的单词或字母前
an
用于以元音发音开头的单词或字母前
定冠词
the
表示特指，其意义同this/that/these/those
注意：用a还是用an取决于单词的第一个发音，而不是字母。如: an hour, a university
1. 不定冠词的用法
(1) 表示初次提到的人或物。
如: A boy is waiting for you.
(2) 表示一类人或物
如：A horse is an animal.
(3) 用于某些固定词组或短语中。
如：a little, a few, a lot, many a, in a minute, have a cold, all of a sudden（突然）
2. 定冠词的用法
(1) 表示上文提到过的人或事物。
如: I saw a boy yesterday. The boy was very tall.
(2) 特指双方都明白的人或物。
如: Open the door, please.
Give me the book.
(3) 指世上独一无二的事物前。
如：The sun is bigger than the earth.
(4) 与单数可数名词连用，表示一类人或物。
如: The cat is a lovely animal.
(5) 与复数可数名词连用，表示整个群体。
如：They are the teachers of this school. [他们是这所学校的(全体)教师。]
比较：They are teachers of this school. [他们是这所学校的(部分)教师。）
(6) 用于形容词/副词最高级、序数词前，及形容词only、very、same前。
如：I live on the second floor.
He is the same age as you.
(7) 用于乐器前。
如：He plays the piano very well.
(8)用于姓氏复数前，表示一家人或夫妇。用于某些形容词前，表示一类人。
如：The Smiths are watching TV.
The old are taken good care of.
(9) 用于江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉前。
如：the Yangtze River, the Pacific Ocean
注意：独山的表达方式通常用Mount +名字，如：Mount Tai(泰山)
(10) 用于by后表示计量单位。
如： The waiters are paid by the hour/day.(这些服务员按小时/天计酬。)
(11) 代替物主代词，用于表示身体部位的名词前。
如：He caught the man by the arm.
Tom hit the thief in the face.
(12) 用于某些固定词组或短语中。
如：in the day, in the rain, in the middle of
3. 不用冠词（零冠词）的情况
(1)在专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词前一般不用冠词。
如：I am in Class Two, Grade Three.
We can not live without air.
(2) 名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词、不定代词时不用冠词。
如： Pass me that book.
The letter is in her bag.
(3) 复数名词指一类人或事物不用冠词。
如：Horses are animals.
(4)星期、月份、季节和节日名称前不用冠词。
如: It’s Sunday today.
(5) 三餐、球类、学科名词之前不用冠词。
如：When do you have lunch?
He often plays football.
(6)由介词by引导的交通工具名词前不用冠词。
　 We traveled by train.
(7)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不加冠词。
如：Miss Li, Professor Chen
(8)两个相同及相对的名词并用时不加冠词。
如：face to face, day and night, father and son, side by side
(9) 某些固定词组或习惯用语中不用冠词。
如: at night, go to school, by bus, on foot, at home, at work, in trouble, in line,
at school, at noon, in time, in English, on time, for example
4. 冠词对意义的影响
英语中有一些词组，用the不用the，其含义和用法大相径庭。
如：in hospital（生病住院）, in the hospital（在医院里做其他事）,
at table（在吃饭）, at the table(在桌子旁),
in class（在上课）, in the class（在教室里）,
go to church（去教堂做礼拜）, go to the church（去教堂做某他的事）,
three of us（我们中的三个）, the three of us（我们三个）,
in front of(在前面）, in the front of（在某物内部的前面）