直接引语及间接引语(学生用).doc

直接引语和间接引语
He said, “I am very sorry. ”
He said that he was very sorry.

一、 何谓“引语”？： 引述（引用）或转述（转达）别人的话称为“引语”。
直接引语 ：（引用）
间接引语 ：（转达）
直接引用别人的原话(两边用引号“ ”标出)。
用自己的语言转述别人的话(不需要引号)。
二、 “直接引语” V.S. “间接引语”
区别：
联系：
（上图所示）
都是“引语”
l 所以：两者可以相互转换。
l 考点：“直引”转化为“间引”。
l 重要概念： 引述动词
（引述分句）He said that he was very sorry . （转述分句）
三、 如何转换？
1． 改写以下“三方面”
l 人称；
l 时间状语、地点状语

l 时态

l 句式
（一） 词对词
（二） 式对式
（三） 义对义
四、 词对词
l 人称的转变：“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”
“一随主” ”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said,"My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾” 是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then.
“第三人称不更新” 是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said, "Jack is a good worker."→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.
He said, “I am very sorry.
She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight. ”
※He said that he was very sorry.
※She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
l 时间状语、地点状语、某些对比性的指示代词和动词：较固定，量身打造。
“词对词”状语转换一览表
时间状语
地点状语
某些指示代词
某些方向性动词
now... then
today...that day
This week/year...that week/year
yesterday...the day before
last week/year...the week /year
two days ago...two days before
tomorrow...the next /following day
next week...the next/following week

in three hours...
three hours later/afterwards

here ....there

This…that

These…those

Come…go

Bring…take
五、 式对式
1． 时态的转变：
l “时态逆移规则”
“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said.
→She said she was very glad to visit our school.
Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music. ”
EXE.
→Tom said that they _____ listening to the pop music.
Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?”
→Mother asked me whether I _____ _____ my homework before I _____TV.
即，“时态逆移规则”： 直接引语改为间接引语时，只有在引述动词（主句动词）如果是过去时，转述分句(从句)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态 :
时态逆移一览表
一般式
进行式
完成式
v 一般过去时→→ __________
v 一般现在时→→ __________
v 一般将来时→→ __________
v 过去进行时
v 现在进行时→→ __________
v 将来进行时→→ __________
v 过去完成时
v 现在完成时→→ __________
v 将来完成时→→ __________
2． 有时，转述分句的时态无需逆移，不能逆移或不逆移
l 以下为无时态逆移的例子，试总结规律：
①　 He always says, “I am tired out. ” →→He always says that he is tired out.
②　 He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you. ” →→He will say that he will try his best to help me.
③　 He said, “I went to college in 1994. ” →→He told us that he went to college in 1994.
④　 He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school. ”
n      →→He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.
⑤　 Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound. ”
n      →→Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
⑥　 He said，“Practice makes perfect. ” →→He said that practice makes perfect.
⑦　 He said, “She must be a teacher. ” →→He said that she must be a teacher.
⑧　 The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water. ” →→The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.
无“时态逆移”一览表：
无需逆移
不能逆移
※不逆移
①　 引述动词=“一般现在时”
②　 引述动词=“一般将来时”
③　 转述分句含具体时间状语
④　 转述分句由when/while引导
⑤　 当场转述
⑥　 引述分句=“过去进行时”
⑦　 引述分句=“过去完成时”
⑧　 转述分句=自然现象/客观真理
⑨　 转述分句=谚语、格言
⑩　 转述分句含：
l should, would, could, might ；
l must, ought to, need,dare ；
l had better, used to, would rather
l 保持事件状态真实性。
He said that government policy is not to sell arms to sensitive areas.
提示：
亘古不变的事实：is
曾经如此，但今非昔比：was
六、 义对义
l 转述分句 必须用陈述句
l 陈述句以外的其他句型：句子形式=意义。转述时：句型涵义→→词语释义，以保全句意。
1． 陈述句：转述词said, 也可用told来代替，可以说said that, said to sb that, told sb that
n      He said, “I have been to the Great Wall. ”
n      He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
2． 一般疑问句：“是/否”
n      He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”
n      He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
3． 特殊疑问句：“是什么/在哪里……”
n      He said to me，“What's your name?” →He asked me what my name was.
4． 选择疑问句：“是A/B”
n      He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”
n      He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
n      注意：用whether…or…表达，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…
5． 祈使句：
1) 目的：让某人做某事
2) 转述动词：tell (ask, order, warn, advise等) sb. (not) to do sth.
“Listen to me carefully, please.” the teacher said to us.→The teacher told us to listen to him carefully.
“Don’t play football in the street.” → The policeman told the children not to play football in the street.
【温馨提示】如果祈使句中出现了please, 在间接引语中必须省略。
3) 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等转述。如：
v He said, "Let’s go to the theatre."
→He suggested (our )going to the theatre. 或He suggested that we go to the theatre.

v "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked. →He asked me to open the window.
v "Why don’t you take a walk after supper?" he asked . →he advised me to take a walk after supper.

v "Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.
→He suggested listening to the music. 或He suggested that we listen to the music.
6． 感叹句：
1) 目的：感叹，强烈表达某事
2) 变感叹句为间接引语，用what, how或that来引述。如：
“What a beautiful house it is!” he said to me.
He told me what a beautiful house it was.
或者He told me that it was a beautiful house.
“义对义”句型转换一览表
一般疑问句
特殊疑问句
选择疑问句
祈使句
感叹句
If/whether
what/where/when/how/why/which/who
/whose
whether...or...
不定式复合结构
l what
l how
l that
直接引语与间接引语专练
I. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. He asked me ________ I would go to Beijing by air the next day.
A. that if B. if C. that whether D. how
2. —Joyce, please don’t open the window.
—Pardon?
—I ______ open the window.
A. tell you don’t B. tell you not to C. told you didn’t D. told you not to
3. He _____ they didn’t start early they wouldn’t catch the first bus.
A. said that if B. asked if C. asked whether D. said that whether
4. He asked _______ for the violin.
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much I paid D. how much did I pay
5. The teacher asked us ______ so much noise. (北京2003)
A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
6. The doctor asked me what _______ with me.
A. is wrong B. wrong is C. was wrong D. wrong was
7. He asked the boy where _______.
A. his mother was B. was his mother C. his mother is D. is his mother
8. They said at last that they _______ better start out at once.
A. had had B. had C. had been D. was
9. The teacher said that doubt _______ the key of knowledge.
A. were B. are C. was D. is
10. The actor said he _______ born in 1984.
A. was B. is C. be D. had been
II. 将下列直接引语变为间接引语，间接引语变为直接引语。
1. Mr. Stone said, “May I have a cup of tea?”
Mr. Stone ______________________.
2. The nurse said, “Let the children wash their hands themselves.”
The nurse ______________________.
3. My uncle said, “Do not open the window.”
My uncle _______________________.
4 John asked Mary, “ What do you know about the sea?”
John asked Mary ________________.
5. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”
The teacher said that _____________.
6. The teacher told Tom to be careful with his pronunciation.
_______________________________
7. She asked me to open the door.
_______________________________.
8. My mother advised me to have a good rest.
_______________________________.
9. Peter asked me when I would leave Athens.
_______________________________.
10. He asked me how I was getting along with my studies then.