MBA英语语法点.doc

莘莘学子，成就圣学
MBA英语语法点
语法概要
英语句子：
按用途分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。
按结构分：简单句、并列句、复合句(主从句)。
简单句5种：1. 主+谓。
2. 主+系+表。
3. 主+谓+宾。
4. 主+谓+双宾。
5. 主+谓+宾+宾补。
双宾和宾补的判断方法：
I gave her a Teddy Bear.
We elected John monitor.

句子成分 (9种)：
主、谓、表、宾、定、状、补、同位语、独立
成分。
基本成分：主、谓、表、宾、补。
附属成分：定、状、同位语、独立成分。

复合句(主从句)中的从句共分3大类：
名从(4种)、形从(定从)、副从(状从)。
名从：主从、表从、宾从、同位语从。

主语从句 (谓语用单数)：
引导词：连词that/whether (不作成分，但
不可省，whether不能换作if)。
连接代词：what, who, whom, whose,
which以及 whatever, whoever,
whomever, whosever, whichever.(均不可
省)
连接副词：when, where, why, how以及
whenever, wherever, however. (均不可
省)
如果以上从句过长，则用it替代，作形式主语。

it作形式主语的从句常见类型：
1). It is+过去分词+that…
It is known that…
It is believed that…
It is said that…
It is expected that…
It is reported that…
It is alleged that…
It is rumored that…
It is estimated that…

2). It is+形容词+that…
It is easy that…
It is difficult that…
It is certain that…
It is possible that…
It is likely that…
It is important that…
It is obvious that…

3). It +不及物动词+that…
It seems that…
It appears that…
It happens that…
It turns out that…
It occurs to sb that…

4). It is+名词 (短语)+that…
It is a shame that…
It is a pity that…
It is an honor that…
It is common knowledge that…
It is no wonder that…
It is no accident that…
It is no rarity that…

whether与if的用法区别：
whether:(1).无论，不管à引导让步状；
(2).是否à引导名词从。
if:(1).是否à引导宾从；
(2).如果à引导条件从。
因此，if一般只用于引导宾从，而whether可
用于包括宾从在内的其它名词从。
另外，(1).if or not? if…or not?
(2).We haven’t settled the question of
if/whether? he will be fired.

同位语从句：
引导词：
that, whether, who, which, where,
when等。
抽象名词在前, 表具体解释内容的从句在后。
接同位语从句的名词：
report, fact, idea, suggestion, evidence,
conclusion, statement, knowledge,
discovery等有内涵的名词,如building则不
行。

同位语从句与定语从句区别：
1. 前者是名词性质，后者是形容词性质；
2. 前者的that不作成分，但不可省，后者的
that作成分，常省；
同位语从句：引导词that, whether, who,
which, where, when等；抽象名词在前, 表具
体解释内容的从句在后。

句子后有逗号/冒号/破折号，且这些符号后是
名词/动名词，则这些名词/动名词作同位语。

定语从句：
修饰限定名词或代词的从句，因此功能上定语
从句相当于形容词，也称为形容词从句；引导
词有三大功能：1、引导定语从句；2、指代被
修饰的词(即先行词)；3、在从句中作成分。
引导词：
关系代词：that, who/whom, which, whose.
关系副词：when, where, why.

限定性与非限定性定从：
The people who get on in this world are the
people who make every effort to fulfill their
goal.（限定性，决定先行词的性质，无逗号间隔）
“I struck gold,” said Roland, who emailed his
resume to the employer and won a position.
（非限定性，对先行词的补充说明，不决定先行词的
性质，有逗号间隔）

a). I’ll never forget the time ____
we first met in the park.
(which/when)
b). I’ll never forget the time ____ I
spent on campus. (which/when)
a). The reason ___ he gave for his
being late was unacceptable.
(that/why)
b). The shop ___ I told you about
before has closed down.
(that/where)
whose引导的定从中，若whose指物时，可用
of which来替代，此时语序为：
限定词+名词+of+which 或of+which+限定
词+名词。
I had a meeting whose purpose was
completely unclear.à
I had a meeting the purpose of
which/of which the purpose was
completely unclear.

1. When one opens an account
at a bank, he is lending the bank
money, repayment of which he
may demand at any time.
2. This echo-location in bats is
often compared with radar, the
principle of which is similar.
在下列情况中最好用that:
1). 先行词为指物的all, little, few, much,
none, the first。
2). 先行词为不定代词something, anything,
nothing, everything。
3). 先行词被any, every, no, only, all, some,
much, few, little, 序数词，最高级，the only,
the one, the very, the right, the last修饰时。
as引导限定性定语从句时，只是用在一些固定
结构中，即只用在such、the same、as、so
的后面。
He will repeat such points as are
discussed in the book.

He is not the same playboy as we knew.
as和which引导的非限定定语从句的区别：
1. which不能在句首；
2. which的先行词可以是单个名词, 而as的先行
词一般应是句子或短语；
3. 如果主句和从句意思相顺时，用as；如果从
句和主句相悖或对主句削弱时，用which。例：
1). The young man cheated his friend of
much money, which was disgraceful.
2). She has married again, as was expected.
3). She has married again, which was
unexpected.

介词+关系代词引导的定语从句:
定语从句之前加介词，一般出于以下三种情况：
1. 依照先行词的要求。例：
The age at which young people are
allowed to drive any vehicle should be
raised to at least 21.
2. 由于从句中某个词的要求，通常是动词和形
容词。
It is a theory to which many economists
subscribe.

3. 一些固定的介词短语在定语从句中的使用，如：
with one’s help/with whose help; in one’s
honor/in whose honor; in this (that) case/in
which case, 等。例：
We extend our warm welcome to the visiting
delegation in whose honor a grand banquet
was given.

状语从句（时状、地状、条件状、目的状、方式状、
结果状、让步状、原因状、比较状）
1. 时状特殊引导词：
the moment, the minute, the instant, directly,
immediately, instantly.
hardly/scarcely…when…；
no sooner…than… ；（若描述过去状况，前半部
分多用过去完成时，后半部分一般过去时）
例：Hardly had he assumed the leadership role
when he began to put on airs.
2. 条件状特殊引导词：
provided/providing;
suppose/supposing；
as (so) long as.

3. 目的状引导词：
so that, in order that, so as to, in order
to, in the hope that…, on purpose that…,
for the purpose that…, lest, in case, for
fear that.

4. 方式状引导词：
as；as though/as if；the way；
5. 结果状特殊引导词：
so that, to the degree/extent that； to
such a degree/extent that；
6. 原因状引导词：
Because, as, since, for,
in that, now that, given (that),
seeing that.
so that引导结果状从和目的状从的区别：
前者中通常so that前有逗号，与主句分开，后
者通常没有逗号。
He turned the radio up, so that everyone
heard the news.
He turned the radio up so that everyone
might hear the news.

(1). as, for引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置。
(2). because引导的从句一般比主句重要，强调原因。
(3). since引导的从句一般次要，主句重要，以说明
将要做什么。
It rained last night, for the ground is wet
this morning.
Because it rained last night, the ground
is wet this morning.
Since everyone is here, let’s get started.

7. 让步状特殊引导词：
while；although…yet/still；
adj/adv/Ved/n (不加冠词)+as+主+谓；
V+as+主+助动词(may, might, can, could,
will…)
例：Poor as he is, he is very generous.
Much as I respect him ,I cannot agree
with him.
Praised as he was, he was modest.
Child as he is, he knows common sense.
Try as you will ,you won’t manage it.

whatever, whoever, whichever既可作关系
代词引导定从，也可作连词引导让步状从, 区别
是：
Take whatever you want.
whatever=anything that.
We have decided to do so, whatever
happens.
whatever=no matter what.
试比较：
Whoever may trouble you, I will help
you to the last.
Whoever has finished the test may go
out.

8. 比较状语从句：
(1). 倍数比较：
A is N times 形比 than B.
A is N+1 times as 形 as B.
A is N+1 times the n of B.
(2) The more….., the more…..结构
(3). not A so much as B
not so much A as B
not so much A but B

(If) the more you know, the more
you know you don’t know.

(If) the longer we stay together,
the more passionately attached
we are to each other.

(If) no pains, no gains.
(If) no money, no honey.
(If) no representation, no taxation.
(4). A is no more…than Bà neither…
nor…
A is not more…than Bà less…than…
A is no less…than Bà both…and…
A is not less…than Bà more…than…
no more thanà only, just
not more thanà at most
no less thanà as much as
not less thanà at least
1. She is no more pleased than I.
2. She is not more pleased than I.
3. What he did was no less than a
miracle.
4. He is no more than 10.
5. He is no less than 10.
非谓语结构：V-ing, V-ed, to do.
语法功能:
V-ing: 定，表，状，补。
V-ed：定，表，状，补。
to do：主，宾，定，状，补，独立成分。
独立成分：to be honest, to begin with..等.
问题：
Sb+is+adj+to do的 to do 做什么成分？
It+is+adj+to do的 to do 作什么成分？

不带to的不定式：
1.感官动词之后：see, hear, watch, notice,
find等。
2.使役动词之后：let, make, have等。
注意：若以上结构转为被动语态，则必须加to。
Her innocence made me feel guilty.

变为：I was made ________guilty by her
innocence.
3.一些固定搭配：
make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let
slip, let fly, let go of, leave go of，等。

4. 在下列句型中：
1).had better,
2).would rather/would sooner/would just
as soon
3).might as well
4).cannot but/cannot choose but
5).cannot help but

The only thing to do was ask them
to come half an hour later than the
other guests.

For years, doctors have advised
their patients the only thing
taking multivitamins does is give
them expensive urine.
现在分词与动名词的区别：
现在分词: 定，表，状，补。
动名词: 主，宾，表，定。
两者作表语的区别：
现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征；而动名词
作表语多表示主语的内容。
These results are most satisfying.
Her hobby is collecting stamps.

两者作定语的区别：
现在分词作定语表被修饰名词的行为状
态，一般可改为定语从句；动名词作定语表被
修饰名词的用途，一般不可改为定语从句。
a sleeping car/a sleeping child
a reading room/a reading girl

后接动名词的动词：
admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate,

authorize, avoid, consider, contemplate,
delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike,
encourage, endure, enjoy, escape,
excuse, face, fancy, feel like, finish,
forbid, forgive, give up, can’t help,
imagine, involve, mention, mind, miss,
overlook, permit, postpone, practice,
prohibit, put off, recommend, resent,
risk, can’t stand, suggest, tolerate,
understand, 等。
注意：
allow doing à allow sb to do.
advise doing à advise sb to do.
forbid doing à forbid sb to do.
encourage doing à encourage sb to do.
authorize doing à authorize sb to do.

remember/forget/regret/stop+doing，
其中的doing表先于这些动词之前发生的事。
remember/forget/regret/stop+ to do，
其中的doing表这些动词之后发生的事。
比较：
He forgot to pay me back.
He forgot paying me back.
I regret letting slip that opportunity.
We regret to inform you that we cannot
offer you employment.

to doing:
look forward to doing, object to
doing, be/get used to doing, prefer
doing to doing, in addition to doing,
be accustomed to do/doing, amount
to doing, take to doing, devote…to
doing, get round to doing.
have difficulty/trouble/problem/
(great) fun/ (great) pleasure/a hard
time/a good time (in) doing.

can’t help doing, can’t resist doing,
can’t keep from doing, can’t refrain
from doing, can’t hold back from
doing, can’t keep back from doing.
注意：can’t help but do, can’t but do,
can’t choose but do.

be worth doing, be worthy of being
done/to be done.

be busy doing, be busy with sth.

remind sb of sth, remind sb to do sth.
虚拟语气：
1. 用在宾语从句中。
2. 用在主语从句中。
3. 用在状语从句中。
用于状从中（多见于if从句）：
1. 与现在相反：
从句：if+主语+did/were,
主句：主语+would (could, should, might)+do。
2. 与过去相反：
从句：if+主语+had done/had been,
主句：主语+would (could, should, might)+have
done (been)。
3. 与将来相反：
从句：if+主语+were to (should)+ do,
主句：主语+would (could, should, might)+do。

倒装虚拟语气：
If he had not been promoted, he would
never have remained with the company.
à…….
If I could win the lottery, I would buy a
car. à…….
If you were to/should change your mind,
no one would blame you.
à…….
If I were you和 If I had money…能否倒
装？

特殊状语从句：
1. if only句中。
2. as if/as though从句中。
3. lest, in case, for fear that…

用于主从中：
It is necessary/important/crucial/
critical that sb/sth +(should) do…

用于宾从中：
1. 表命令、建议和要求的虚拟语气以下动词
一般要接虚拟语气, 即V+sb (should) do.
advise, agree, demand, insist,
command, decide, ensure, order,
instruct, propose, recommend,
require, request, suggest, urge等。

2. wish引导的宾从中。

did/were (与现在、将来
相反)

wish(ed) had done (与过去相反)

would/could do (与将来
相反)

The scenery is marvelous, I wish
I had a camera. (现在)

The scenery was marvelous, I
wished I had had a camera. (过去)

I wish I could buy a BMW at my
30th birthday party.(将来)
特殊结构：
It is (about/high) time sb/sth did
sth.

would rather (would as soon, would
sooner) sb did sth.

It’s high time that such practices
______.
a. are ended b. be ended
c. were ended d. must be ended

If I were in a movie, then it would be
about time that I____my head in my
hands for a cry.
A. bury B. am burying
C. buried D. would bury
The manager would rather his
daughter ___ in the same office.
a. had not worked b. not to work
c. doesn’t work d. didn’t work
1. 全部倒装
1).方向副词/地点副词/时间副词/介词词组在句首。
如：away/in, out, here, there/now, then/into the…,
under the…+运动性/存在性Vi+名词主语.
2). 表系主倒装 。
2. 部分倒装
1). 否定副词(词组)
2). only+状语
3). 程度状语在句首。
如：never/only by the way/so+助动词(V1)+名词主语
(S)+谓语动词(V2)
4). 比较状语从句的倒装。
5). 虚拟条件从句的倒装。
6). 引言在前的倒装。

Then came the order to abandon
ship.
Now is the time when they say
goodbye.

More important than your personal
statement is your GPA.
常见的否定副词(词组)：
1. not, never, seldom, little, hardly,
scarcely, nowhere.
2. not until, by no means, not in the least,
on no account, in no way, in no case,
under no circumstances, under no
condition, no sooner…than…,
hardly/scarcely…when…,
not only…but (also)….

比较状语从句的倒装：
She speaks French much better than do
most of her classmates.

引言在前的倒装：
“I will repair the car by myself,” said
Tom.

Nowhere in the world can you find a man
who loves you so much!
In the winter far beneath the bitter snow,
lies the seed that with the sun’s love in
the spring, becomes the rose.
When Greek meets Greek, then comes
the tug of war.
In the first category are considerations
for the weak and respect for age.
如果否定词不是修饰整个句子，而只是限定主
语，则句子不倒装：
Hardly anyone can positively enjoy
sitting in a train for more than a few
hours.
4. There comes a time in every person’s life
when he realizes that he is responsible for his
own happiness, not other people.
5. Only in recent years have people begun
to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds,
often do more good than harm.
1. as引导的让步状语从句的倒装：
adj/adv/Ved/n(不加冠词)+as+主+谓；
V+as+主+助动词:
例：Poor as he is, he is very generous.
Much as I respect him ,I cannot agree
with him.
Praised as he was, he was modest.
Child as he is, he knows common sense.
Try as you will, you won’t manage it.

2. be的倒装句复原后是whether…or…引导的让步状语从句, 例:
All substances, be they gaseous,
liquid or solid, are made up of atoms.

All substances, whether they may be
gaseous, liquid or solid, are made up of
atoms.
Be they common people or high-ranking
officials, they stand equal before law.

To love a person, be he nice-looking or
not, is the true meaning of love.

Americans aim high, so when a problem
occurs, be it social or economic, schools
are often the convenient scapegoat for
all of America’s problems. (TIME)
比较状语从句的倒装：
As you treat me, so will I treat you. Just
as first impressions are memorable, so
are last impressions. During college,
service participants exhibit greater
increases in social self-confidence and
leadership ability than do non-
participants.

结果状语从句的倒装：
So great is our passion for doing things
for ourselves that we are becoming
increasingly less dependent on
specialized labour.
So affectionate a nurse was Miss Sharp,
that Miss Crawley would take her
medicine from no other hand, to the
great annoyance of the lady’s maid.
(Vanity Fair)

分裂结构(6种)：
1. 名饰分裂
2. 动宾分裂
3. 主谓分裂
4. 连主分裂
5. 搭配分裂
6. 插入语导致的分裂

1. 名饰分裂
2). When reports came into London Zoo
that a wild puma had been spotted 45
miles south of L