六级阅读难句分析及练习.doc

六级阅读辅导资料

一 阅读方法

定位
阅读理解是为了找到题目的答案，因而题目比原文更为重要。题目的答案包含在原文的段落与句子中。在看原文之前，先读题，首先确定题目中的关键提示词，以便回到原文定位到解答该问题在原文中的位置，在准确定位的基础上，仔细阅读该处并理解。何谓关键提示词？
A． 特殊的关键词：人名、地名、时间、数字、引号、大写字母、斜体字等。
According to the recent ‘Plans for 2004’ survey, most people are unhappy with their current job.
What cause the sharp conflict in the GM plant in the late 1970s?
B． 题干中的核心词或者决定答案性质和位置的词。以句子主干即主谓宾为主，即主要名词、主要动词、独特形容词和副词。其中以名词为主要定位点。
Scientists have to adapt their research to ‘economic needs’ in order to______
C． 题干中表示原因、条件等的连接词和介词。
We may infer from the passage that future therapeutic uses of stem cells will be unlikely unless________.
Christian Holm believes paternity leaves provides a new kind of training for men in that it can help them cope with _______.
Today’s rich capitalists have regressed to the ‘survival of the fittest’ ideas and their loyalty extends not to their workers or even to their stockholders but only to themselves.

但关键词不一定是原文原词的重现。分3类：AA重现，AB重现，和关系重现
1）AA重现：最简单，以特殊关键词为主，包括人名、地名、数字、生词等。考察的是快速定位的能力。
2） AB重现：题的关键词A在原文中以B的形式（同义词）出现。growing—increasing, throw away– discard。这时候考察的是理解力。
3) 关系重现：从词的层面上升到句子结构，含有因果关系、并列关系、转折关系等，而这些关系在原文中有另外的表达方式重现，从而越过生词造成的阅读障碍，这是关键的一类语言表现。考察的是阅读理解力加技巧。
原文：Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded.
题目：Paper is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is_____________.
原文：Most forms of environmental pollution are associated with industrialization
题目：Industrialization has led to pollution problems. (请判断T/F/NG)

出题和做题思路
l 出题思路：改变题目中的关键提示词和句型关系。但仍以提示词为定位方向和基本条件
l 做题思路：寻找被同义替换的关键提示词或语言重现，答案为原文原词
l 即：AB定位，AA答案
做题方法的几个原则
l 定位打天下，同义理解定胜负
l 以段为单位的顺序原则
l 为提高速度和准确率的双题原则

二 六级阅读难句分析

句子结构分析的关键之一是抓主干。对于主句或比较复杂的简单句要抓主语和谓语，其实最快捷和准确抓住主干的突破点应该是句子的谓语。首先明确一点的是，一个句子只能有一个谓语动词，其他的动词归于从句，或各种修饰语成分，起修饰和从属作用。在这个主要的谓语动词之前的成分就都归为主语，之后的成分有可能为谓语、宾语，但也可能只是修饰谓语动词的修饰成分而已了。而对修饰成分，（状语、定语等如副词、形容词）先不特别注意，从而提高阅读速度。

－）结构复杂的简单句
如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，不管句子是长或短，都是简单句。
1.1 The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wrecked havoc on（扰乱）Europeans’ private lives.
1.2 Automated techniques to measure these characteristics and verify a person’s identity infallibly are attracting widespread attention in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail.
1.3 The plan can include researching industries and occupations, talking to people who are in your desired area of work, taking classes, or accepting volunteer work in your targeted field.
1.4 Affluence liberates the individual, promising that everyone can choose a unique way to self-fulfillment.
1.5 In many cases the money seemed to do little more than buy transient relief from the terrible moans of their bored children.

二）并列句及并列复合句
2.1 Using this information, the amygdale appraises a situation--- I think this charging dog wants to bite me---- and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body.
2.2 Today’s rich capitalists have regressed to the ‘survival of the fittest’ ideas and their loyalty extends not to their workers or even to their stock holders but only to themselves.

三）插入语结构
3.1 To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonian seem ageless.
3.2 In developing countries, where at least 16 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people each by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.
3.3 This version of the mission of the university--- with teaching at the centre rather than the periphery--- survives today in some quarters, but for the most part, and especially so for large universities, the primary laboratory for one’s ‘work’, must be, in fact, outside the classroom, with the only meaningful arena for the disposition of the knowledge thus constructed being by publication for disciplinary peers.

四）比较结构
4.1 During the past century, the average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters.
4.2 I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than money, power, fame and self-interest.
4.3 The so-called ‘demonstration effect’ of local people wanting the same luxurious and imported goods as those indulged in by tourists.

五）强调句结构
5.1 It is the lack of action that ultimately holds people back from attaining their ideals.
5.2 It is protein that spiders can make in an environmentally friendly way similar to the way mammals make milk.

六）名词性从句和状语从句
6.1 The prospect that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn’t keep plutocrats up at night.
62 Given the recent change of control in Congress, the popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage, and efforts by California’s governor to offer universal health care, these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows.
6.3 We didn’t hear about ‘men’s language’ until people began to respond to girls’ appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and girls.
6.4 The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for ‘virgin’ forest.

七）复合句和多重复合句
7.1 Men, these days, are embracing fatherhood with the round-the-clock involvement their partners have always dreamed of--- handling night feedings, packing lunches and bandaging knees.
7.2 The President himself is constantly leaving Washington and the business of the nation because he is summoned to ‘fundraising dinners’ where fat cats pay a thousand or so dollars a plate to worn their way into government not through service but through donations of vast amounts of money.
7.3 LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives.
7.4 The use of gold as the unit of account during the days of the gold standard meant that the price of all other commodities and services would swing up and down with reference to the price of gold, which was not fixed.
7.5 This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped create patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.
7.6 Since variation in distance and city densities affect the total kilometers of travel, the annual number of trips each person takes by public transport provides a better standard for comparing its importance in various cities.
7.7 Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future.
注意1：定语从句的翻译：拆分为两小句，并重复先行词。
It is often characterized as an essentially untouched natural environment in which man’s presence is merely secondary.
注意2：如果一个英文句子生涩难懂，在很大程度上是由于过多的出现了名词。而汉语使用动词的频率远远大于英文。所以在对英语句子理解翻译时候，就汉语习惯，要尽量换成动词、形容词、副词等去理解。
注意3：中文的定语（。。的）不论多长都放在修饰的名词前面，但英文通常把长定语放在名词后面，用of，或that/which等引导的定语从句来表示出。。。的。

三 文章中的信号词
转折。作用是否定前项而肯定后项，使前后两句话的方向或意思相反。表示转折的信号词有：but, yet, not… but…, however, whereas, in fact, on the contrary, conversely, on the other hand, rather than等，也有一些隐含的转折，如unfortunately, unhappily, less happily。在阅读前半句时就可以预测后半句的大意，使接下来的阅读过程变成求证。通常出现转折的地方，就是出题点。
分析： When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internet Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms. (04年6月)
52. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people’s privacy _______.
A. is mainly carried out by means of secret taping.
B. has been intensified with the help of the IRS
C. is practiced exclusively by the FBI
D. is more prevalent in business circles.
让步。 与转折信号词相同，让前后两句话的方向或意思相反。表示让步的信号词有：though, although, while, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless等。
并列。 连词前后的内容是并列的成分，同为动词，形容词或名词等。有A and B型，A, B and C型。信号词有：and, or, as well as , rather than
分析：The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of narrow, dark streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.
比较分类比和对比两种。比较相同点的信号词有：as…, like, similar, like, parallel to等。比较不同点：more than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast with等。
举例
因果
大因果---- 表示原因或结果的成分都是句子的，叫大因果。原因：because, since, as, in that, in as much as等；结果：so (that), thus, hence, as a result, turn out, consequently, thereby
1） The solution turned out to be advertising.
2） Paternity leave provides a new kind of training for men in that it can help them cope with stress.
小因果--- 表示原因或结果的成分都是动词（词组）或介词（词组），叫小因果。
3） Increased air temperature has brought about higher sea levels.
4） Necessity led to experiment.
5） The high cost of oil poses serious problems for industry.
6） Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals.
7） In 1990, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza.
8） Only about 15 percent car thefts result in an arrest.
9） Cutting the hefty subsidies that go to the world’s coal producers would help tilt the world’s energy balance towards natural gas.
10） It has been calculated that 17 percent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.