四六级语法120题.doc

语法120题
一、动词的时态和语态
1. 动词基本时态及其用法
(一) 一般现在时的特殊用法
l 1. 表示真理或经常性的动作。
The secretary said that she always leaves as soon as her boss goes home.(宾语从句说的是习惯)
l 2. 表示预先安排好，将要发生的事情。
The train leaves in half an hour.
l 3. 用于时间和条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替将来时。
I won’t go to his birthday party unless he invites me.
(二)现在进行时的特殊用法
l 1. 表示将来计划要做的事情。
Professor Smith is entertaining his students this Sunday.
l 2. 现在进行时与always，constantly，forever等连用。表示意想不到或使人烦恼的事情。
She is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay you back.
(三) 现在完成时的用法
l 1. 表示从过去到现在这段时间内完成而对现在有影响的动作或状态。常与already, before, ever, lately, just, in the past … years, never, recently, so far, up to now, yet等状语连用。
1) I haven’t heard from him lately.
2) So far，we have discussed this problem for three times.
2.表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。常与for, since连用。
Mr. White has worked in the company for a decade.
3. 在时间和条件状语从句中代替将来时
1) I'll phone you after I have talked about this matter with my parents.
2) We’ll go to the cinema if we have finished our essay by that time.
(四) 过去完成时
l 表示过去某时间前已发生的动作或情况，常与before, by等引导的状语连用。
1. They had passed CET 4 before entering this college.
2. They did better than we had expected.
(五) 将来完成时
l 表示将来某时刻之前已完成或发生的情况，常与by+将来时间的状语连用。
By the end of next year，we’ll have completed this project.
2.情态动词+现在完成时
l 1) should/ought to+ have done表示过去应该做而未做
You should have finished your work an hour ago.(实际没做完)
l 2) needn’t+ have done 表示已经做过的但是并不必要的行为
You needn’t have written to him. He will be here tomorrow. (实际已经写了信)
l 3) could+ have done表示与过去的事实相反，能做而未做
(1) I could have bought that coat, but I lent the money to a friend.
(2) If it hadn’t been for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded in such a short period of time.
l 4) might+ have done表示过去事实很可能发生而没发生。
John might have lent you the car if you had asked.
l 5) must+have done表示对过去事情的肯定猜测
He must have received my letter which was mailed a week ago.
3.几个特殊句型中的时态
l 1) It is the first time that…
在此结构中，当主句动词为“is／will be”时，从句动词用现在完成时；若主句动词为“was”，从句动词为过去完成时。
(1) It is the first time that I have talked with a foreigner.
(2) It was the first time he had come to a concert.
l 2) It is／has been+时间+since…
在此结构中，当主句动词为“is／has been”时，从句动词用一般过去时；若主句动词为“was／had been”，从句动词为过去完成时。
(1) It is five years since I saw her.
(2) It was five years since I had seen her.
l 3) It was not／won’t be long before…
在此结构中，主句动词为wasn’t时，从句动词用一般过去时；若主句动词为will/won’t be，从句动词为现在时代替将来时。
(1) It was not long before everyone came to know him.
(2) It won’t be long before we work out some plans to promote our sales.
(3) It will be a long time before you have enough money for a global tour.

(二) 被动语态的使用
在不知道、不必提出动作执行者；强调动作承受者时，用被动语态。
My bike was stolen yesterday. (不知道施动者)
The matter will be discussed next time. (不必指出施动者)
The library is being repaired. (不必指出施动者)
(三) 用于客观说明的结构中
l It is said／reported／thought／argued／believed／well known／suggested／supposed…+that+从句
It is reported that the flood in the south has destroyed an important railway.
据报道，南方的洪水已经冲跨了一条非常重要的铁路线。
(四) 被动语态的其他用法
l 1. 某些感官动词或系动词look, sound, feel等接形容词可表示被动。
The flower smells sweet. 这花闻起来真香。
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. 良药苦口。
l 2. 位于be动词后的不定式有时含有被动意义。
Who is to blame for breaking the window? 打碎了窗户该怪谁呢?
The house is to rent. 此房出租。
l 3. 某些感官动词或使役动词see, feel, hear, watch, make等在主动语态作宾语时, to被省略,改为被动式须用to+不定式短语。
The students were made to copy the text twice.
动词的时态和语态练习
1. The computer doesn’t work well, so something ____ wrong.
A. can have gone B. should have gone C. must have gone D. ought to have gone
2. Although Jack made a foolish mistake, we ____ at him.
A. needn’t have laughed B. oughtn’t to have laughed
C. may have laughed D. couldn’t have laughed
3. I won’t be able to attend the meeting tonight because _____.
A. I must teach a class B. I teach a class
C. I will be teaching a class D. I will have been teaching a class
4. Great changes ____ in our institute in the past few years.
A. have taken place B. are taken place
C. were taken place D. had taken place
5. By this time next year, he ____ MBA program.
A. will have finished B. will finish C. should have finished D. have finished
6. So far, three hundred thousand yuan ______ for the village children to build a school.
A. is raised B. is raising C. has been raised D. has raised
7. The staff in this office ______ overtime last week.
A. were made to work B. were made work C. were making work D. had made work
8. I ____ the truth up to now—what’s the matter?
A. haven’t been told B. haven’t told C. am not told D. am not to tell
9. I hadn’t expected Mary to come to visit me but I had hoped _____.
A. her calling me B. that she would call me C. her to call me D. that she call me
10. It has been ten years since Ms. White _____ to New York.
A. has moved B. had moved C. moved D. has had moved
11.You ________ return the dictionary now You can keep it till next week if you like.
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not
12. The workers are not allowed to smoke in the factory. They ______ do that.
A. mustn’t B. don’t have to C. needn’t D. have to
13. —Look. That ________ be Cindy.
—No it ________ be her. She has gone to Yunnan.
A. must, mustn't B. may, may not C. must, can't D. may, won't
14. When we got to the theatre, the play hasn't started yet, so we _________.
A. needn't hurry B. didn't need hurry C. needn't to hurry D. needn't have hurried
15. ___ that each part of the brain controlled a certain activity.
A. It thought B. It is thought C. It was thinking D. It was thought

二、非谓语动词
1. 非谓语动词的基本用法
(一)不定式
l 不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
l To be a good teacher needs patience. (主语)
l Our purpose in life is to serve the people. (表语)
l We have quite a bit of work to do.
(定语)
(二) 动名词
l 动名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。
l Our going there won’t help much. (主语)
l Her job is looking after the baby.
(表语)
(三) 分词
l 分词在句中可作表语、定语、状语和补语。
l Most of the people invited to the party were her friends. (定语)
l Not knowing how to find the addresshe went to ask a policeman. (原因状语)
l When reading the book，he found out some answers to this question.(时间状语)
l He was seen taking pictures with a camera. (主补)
2. 不定式与动名词作宾语用法比较
l 不定式与动名词均可在句中作宾语，但其适用动词，以及其含义都有区别。
（一）在下列动词之后一般用不定式作宾语: ask, afford, agree, apply, beg, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hope, hesitate, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, seek, tend, threaten, want, wish…
l They decided to set off early in the morning.
l 不定式还可以与when, where, what, who, whether等疑问副词、疑问代词连用作动词宾语。常用这种结构作宾语的动词有know, tell, wonder, think, see, imagine, consider, discover, explain…
l I was so scared that I didn’t know what to say. 我吓坏了，不知说什么好。
(二) 在下列动词之后只能用动名词作宾语
l acknowledge, admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, deserve, enjoy, finish, imagine, include, involve, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, propose, practise, prevent, quit, resent, resist, risk, suggest等。
l You should avoid making the same mistakes again.
(三) 在下列动词之后既可用不定式也可用动名词作宾语，区别不大。但如表示一般倾向，或泛指某种活动时常用动名词。表示具体、一次性的动作时常用不定式。
l 这些动词有：begin, continue, cease, dislike, hate，intend，like，love，prefer，start等。
l We began working (to work) when they arrived.
(四) 在下列动词后，可用动名词、不定式作宾语，但有较大区别，需加以记忆。
1) remember+ doing(记得已做过某事)
remember+ to do(记住去做某事)
l He remembers not telling the news to anyone.他记得未曾告诉任何人这个消息。
l Do remember to contact us immediately when you arrive here.记住到这儿后马上与我们联系。
2) forget+ doing(忘记已做某事)
forget+ to do(忘记去做某事)
l He has forgotten meeting her last year. 他已经忘了去年见过她。
l He has forgotten to meet her. 他忘了要去见她。
3) regret+ doing (对已做之事表示后悔)
regret+ to do(对未做之事表示遗憾)
l He said he regretted wasting the days when he should have studied.
l I regret to say that we can not stay here any longer.
4) mean+ doing(意味着)
mean+ to do(打算，企图)
l Success means working hard.
l John meant to drive there, but his car broke down.约翰原打算开车去那儿，可他的车抛锚了。
5) try + doing(试一试)
try+ to do(设法，努力去…)
l Why not try doing it some other way? 为什么不用别的办法试一试呢?
l I tried hard to control myself. 我尽力克制住自己。
6) stop + ing[宾语](停止正在干的事)
stop +to do[状语]停下来去干…
l Has it stopped raining? 雨停了吗?
l They stopped to listen，but there was no more sound.
7) 在demand, need, require, want等词表示“需要”的意思时，可用动名词的主动形式表示被动。
l The matter demands looking into.
l My hair wants (needs) cutting.
l Your shirts needs (requires) ironing.
3. 非谓语动词复合结构用法要点
l 当非谓语动词带有他们自己独立的逻辑主语时，这种结构被称作复合结构。
(一)不定式复合结构
l [for+名词、代词宾格+不定式]
不定式复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。
l It is impossible for us to get there before dark. (主语)
l That is for you to decide. (表语)
(二)动名词复合结构
l [名词所有格/物主代词+动名词]
动名词复合结构在句中主要用作主语、宾语、表语。
l Their going there will be of great help. (主语)
l I am glad to hear of your having succeeded again. (介词宾语)
l Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself. (表语)
l 在动名词复合结构中，动名词之前的名词所有格及物主代词形式除用于句首外，可用名词的普通格或是代词的宾格代替。
l Do you mind me sending the book to the editor?(宾语)
(三) 分词独立结构
l [名词／代词+分词]
在这种结构中，分词前的名词、代词为分词的逻辑主语，分词的语态受其影响。这种结构被称作分词独立结构，它在句中主要用作状语。
l That being the case, we’ll have to make some alterations in the plan. (原因状语)
l The assembling of the machine completed，he stared operating it. (时间状语)
l He sat in front of them，never moving，his dusty face masking his age. (伴随状语)
4.不定式与分词作补语用法要点
l 不定式与分词均可用作宾补，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。在这种结构中，宾语为宾补的逻辑主语。宾补的语态受宾语的影响。
（一）不定式作补语[vt+宾语+不定式]
l A. 常可用不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, agree, allow, arrange, ask, beg, cause, determine, enable, expect, find, force, invite, order, persuade, send, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。
l He didn’t want his work to be disturbed.他不希望他的工作受到打扰。
l B. 在下列动词后作宾补的不定式不带to：feel, have, hear, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, observe, see, watch等。
l Before he let us go, he made us promise not to tell anyone what we had seen.
l 当这种不带to的不定式作宾补的结构改为被动句时，不定式转作主语补足语。这时不定式的符号to必须加上。如上一例句转为被动句：…, we were made to promise...
l C. 在下列短语后也可跟不带to的不定式： cannot but, cannot help but, had better, may/might as well, rather than, would rather, would sooner等。
l We’d better do things we have to do today and do things we’d like to do tomorrow.我们最好今天干我们必须干的事，明天干我们喜欢干的事。
(二) 分词作补语[vt+宾语+分词]
l 在这种结构中，宾语是分词的逻辑主语，分词的语态受它的影响。此外在分词作补语结构中，应注意现在分词与过去分词作补语，以及现在分词与不定式作补语的区别。
l A. 在下列动词之后,常用分词作补语：feel, find , keep, have等。
l They kept us waiting for quite a while.
l B. 现在分词与过去分词作补语的区别
　一般来说，当宾语是补语的动作发出者时，用现在分词作补语。当宾语是补语的动作承受者时，用过去分词作补语。
l When you talk，you have to at least make yourself understood.
l C. 现在分词与不定式作补语的区别
　在有些动词之后既可用不定式，也可以用现在分词作补语。用现在分词作补语表示一个正在进行的动作，强调动作进行中的情景。用不定式表示动作的全过程，所述的事情往往已经结束。
I saw a car coming into the yard. (看见车正往院里开)
I saw a car come into the yard. (看见车开进了院里)
I heard him talking to his mother. (听见正在谈)
I heard him tell his mother the whole story. (听见告诉了整件事)
5. 非谓语动词时态语态用法要点
(一)非谓语动词的时态用法
非谓语动词采用何种时态取决于其与谓语动词的比较。概括说来，非谓语动词主要有两类常用时态。
l (A) 先于谓语动词发生的动作应采用非谓语动词的完成式。
l (B) 与谓语动词同时、后于或时间概念不明确的采用非谓语动词的一般式。
l 不定式主动形式的时态变化以do为例，形式如下：
　一般式to do(与谓语同时或后于谓语发生)
　进行式to be doing(与谓语同时发生，正在进行)
　完成式to have done(先于谓语发生)
l I saw him take the book away.我看见他把书拿走了。
　(作补语的不定式的动作与谓语同时发生，故采用一般式。)
l 现在分词与动名词的时态变化形式相同，用法如下：
　一般式doing(与谓语同时)
　完成式having done(先于谓语发生)
l It is no use buying books but not reading them.
l He didn't mention having met me.
l 过去分词无形式变化，在时态上可表示一个先于谓语之前发生的(被动) 动作。
l I am sorry to have taken much of your time.对不起，占用了您很多时间。
　(不定式的动作先于谓语发生，“先占用别人的时间，然后道歉”，因此不定式用完成式。)
l (二) 非谓语动词语态用法
非谓语动词采用何种语态取决于非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系的比较。在判断非谓语动词的语态时，搞清逻辑主语应是先决条件之一。
l A. 非谓语动词逻辑主语归纳
1) 全句主语同时为非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
2) 在复合宾语当中,宾语是宾补的逻辑主语。
3) 在不定式for sb to do sth的复合结构中，sb是不定式to do的逻辑主语。
4) 在名词所有格、物主代词+动名词的复合结构中，动名词前的名词所有格、物主代词是这一动名词的逻辑主语。
5) 在分词独立结构当中，分词前的名词、代词是分词的逻辑主语。
l I don’t know what to say.
　(不定式的逻辑主语为全句主语，I与what to say之间为主动关系，因此用不定式的主动式。)
l Do you mind opening the window?
　(动名词的逻辑主语为全句主语you，开窗动作是you发出的，you与opening之间为主动关系，因此动名词采用主动形式。)
比较下面的句子：
l Do you mind my opening the window?　你介意我开窗户吗?
(My opening the window为动名词复合结构。在此句中opening的逻辑主语不再是全句主语，而是“my”，开窗的动作是我发出的。在这一句中动名词与逻辑主语之间仍是主动关系，所以仍采用动名词的主动式。)
l Seen from the hill，the city looks small.从山上看，这座城市看起来很小。
　(seen的逻辑主语为全句主语，the city与分词之间为被动关系，因此用过去分词表示被动。)
l Many of the world's great novels are reported to have been made into films last year.据说很多世界名著去年被改编成了电影。
　(此句不定式短语to have been made into films作主语补足语。它的逻辑主语是全句主语novels。)
l B. 非谓语动词的被动态形式用法归纳
l 不定式的被动式的语态变化以do为例，用法归纳如下：
　一般被动式to be done表示一个与谓语同时或后于谓语，与逻辑主语呈被动关系的动作。
　完成被动式to have been done表示一个先于谓语发生，与逻辑主语之间呈被动关系的动作。
l 动名词与现在分词被动式的语态变化以do为例，用法归纳如下：
　一般被动式being done表示与谓语同时，与逻辑主语呈被动关系的动作。
His being neglected by the host made him unhappy.
　完成被动式having been done表示先于谓语发生，与逻辑主语呈被动关系的动作。
l The trees having been cut down，they started to plant new ones.
l 过去分词可表示一个先于谓语，或无明确时间概念的被动动作。例句：
l It's a good thing for him to have been criticized.他受了批评是件好事。
　(在for sb to do sth结构中，sb是to do的逻辑主语，此句中him与criticize之间呈被动关系，同时这个不定式短语先于谓语发生，先受批评，才有评论，因此不定式需用完成被动式。)
非谓语动词练习
1. Air pollution ____, this city is still a good place to live in.
A. being greatly reduced B. greatly being reduced
C. to greatly reduce D. greatly to reduce
2. Weather _____, the picnic will be held as scheduled.
A. permits B. should permit C. will permit D. permitting
3 If the building project ___ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
A. being completed B. is completed C. to be completed D. completed
4. _____ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
5. The concert usually takes place at the People’s Square, with the audience ______ on the ground.
A. seating B. seated C. be seating D. to seat
6. If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in.
A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed
7. Imagine my surprise when I saw one man in the car ____ a pocket book and begin to read.
A. pulled out B. pull out C. pulling out D. to pull out
8. He spoke to the girl kindly ______ her.
A. not to frighten B. so as not to frighten C. in order not frighten D. for not frightening
9. _____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesn’t seem high at all.
A. When compared B. While comparing C. Compare D. Be compared
10. Some who could achieve success in their own times would find it difficult ______ today.
A. to get a name B. get a name C. to have got a name D. to getting a name
11. Do not leave things _____.
A. unfinish B. unfinishing C. not to be finished D. unfinished
12. Many Americans worry about leisure and hurr