生物英语证书考试(PEC)-生物科学常用术语.doc

生物英语证书考试(PEC)-生物科学常用术语

Allogeneic
A situation in which the donor and the recipient are not the same person.
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
Commonly known as a heart attack, is the interruption of blood supply to part of the heart, causing some heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (like cholesterol) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and oxygen shortage, if left untreated for a sufficient period of time, can cause damage or death (infarction) of heart muscle tissue (myocardium).
Autologous
A situation in which the donor and the recipient are the same person.
Cardiac Progenitor Cells (CPCs)
A cardioprogenitor cell is a cellular phenotype with the capacity to yield myocardial tissue and blood vessels upon differentiation.
Cardiac Resynchronisation therapy (CRT)
A CRT is a type of pacemaker (is a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart) that can pace both the septal and lateral walls of the left ventricle.
Cardiac Stem Cells (CSCs)
Cells that can give rise to all of the major cell types in the human heart.
Cardiogenic cocktail
A mixture of growth factors, cytokines and small molecules that have the capacity to drive Cardiopoiesis.
Cardiogenesis
Development of the heart in the embryo.
Cardiopoietic Cells (CPCs)
Cells that are precursors of fully differentiated cardiac muscle cells. In the lab, CPCs can be generated from stem cells by culture in the presence of a specific cocktail of cardiotrophic factors, which was developed at Mayo Clinic.
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
A group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels which includes:
- Coronary heart disease
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Peripheral arterial disease
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Congenital heart disease
- Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
Consistency lots
Lots produced to documented evidence that the process, operated within established parameters, can perform effectively and reproducibly to manufacture a product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - also known as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
A condition in which atherosclerotic plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood. This can causes angina (chest pain or discomfort) or a heart attack (when the blood flow to an area of the heart muscle is completely blocked, preventing oxygen-rich blood from reaching that area and causing it to die).
Cryopreservation
Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures. At these low temperatures, any biological activity, including the biochemical reactions that would lead to cell death, is effectively stopped.
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
Stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are able to grow (i.e. differentiate) into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
Formulation
Formulation is the vehicle and the form in which an active compound is delivered in the body.Formulation is the vehicle and the form in which an active compound is delivered in the body.

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
GMP is part of a quality system covering the manufacture and testing of active pharmaceutical products. GMPs are guidelines that outline the aspects of production and testing that can impact the quality of a product.
Heart Failure (HF)
Heart Failure is a condition in which the heart has been damaged and cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. HF can be of ischemic or non ischemic origin:
- Ischemic Origin (Coronary Artery Disease)
- Non Ischemic Origin
o Hypertension: high blood pressure;
o Other conditions such as heart valve disease, congenital heart defect, endocarditis (infection of the heart valves) and/or myocarditis (infection of the heart muscle).
The failing heart keeps working but not as efficiently as it should. HF patients cannot exercise because they become short of breath and tired. In the most severe forms, even slight exercises, like walking a short distance, are impossible.
Human MSCs
MSCs (see definition below) of human origin.
Immunodeficient rodents
A lineage of rodents (like rats or mice) that are genetically lacking some components of the immune system (the system that protects against external aggressions like infections).
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
Small battery-powered electrical impulse generator which is implanted in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia
Induced Pluripotent Stems Cells (IPS)
IPSs are pluripotent cells derived from differentiated cells by forcing the expression of key pluripotency genes.
Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)
A LVAD is a mechanical circulatory device that is used to partially or completely replace the function of a failing heart.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)
The fraction of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heart beat.
In vivo (experiments)
Experiments done in animal living systems.
In vitro (experiment)
Experiments done outside animal living systems.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
Cells located in many tissues serving to repair the organs and tissues. These cells are found in organs like bone marrow, adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas.
Multipotent Stem Cells
Cells that have the potential to give rise to cells from multiple, but a limited number of lineages; i.e. multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a number of cells, but only those of a closely related family of cells.
Neovasculogenesis
Development of new blood vessels.
New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class
The NYHA Functional Classification provides a simple way of classifying the extent of heart failure. It places patients in one of four categories based on how much they are limited during physical activity; the limitations/symptoms are in regards to normal breathing and varying degrees in shortness of breath and or angina pain.
Paracrine
Paracrine signalling is a form of cell signalling in which the target cell is near ("para" = near) the signal-releasing cell.
Proteomics analysis
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions
Secretome
Term used to describe the set of proteins secreted by a cell, a tissue or an organism.
Stem cells
Stem cells are primal cells. They retain the ability to renew themselves through division and can differentiate into a diverse range of specialised cell types. Stem cells can be found in adult tissues (adult stem cells), embryos (embryonic stem cells or ESCs) or umbilical cord blood.
Systolic dysfunction
Impairment of the contractile function of the heart.
Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) – Sustained VT (SVT)
A ventricular tachycardia is a tachycardia, or fast heart rhythm, that originates in one of the ventricles of the heart.
- If the fast rhythm self-terminates within 30 seconds, it is considered a non-sustained ventricular tachycardia;
- If the rhythm lasts more than 30 seconds, it is known as a sustained ventricular tachycardia.
Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
Ventricular fibrillation is a condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart.