第3讲：语法知识补充与四级真题练习.doc

第三讲：语法知识补充与四级真题练习

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一、非谓语动词

● 动词不定式 (bare) infinitive
● 动名词 gerund (doing, being done, having done) 动词、名词性
● 分词：现在分词present participle (doing, being done, having done, having been done) 和过去分词 past participle 动词、形容词、副词性

1. 不定式和动名词做宾语
（1）后接二者做宾语的动词
a. 没有差别 like, love, hate, begin, continue,
b. 有差别 forget, remember, regret, try, mean,
stop
（2） 只能接一种的动词
a. 只能接不定式 agree, aim, ask, attempt, decide, determine, demand, desire, expect, intend, manage, order, pretend, promise, want
b. 只能接动名词 advise, appreciate, avoid, finish, enjoy, suggest, recommend, admit, consider, mind, resist, give up, put off, keep on, can’t help, require, need, want

2. 后接不带to的不定式
（1）感官、使役动词
see, notice, watch, hear, let, make, feel, look at, listen to, (help) doing or do
（2）其他
had better, would rather, prefer … rather than, why not.

3. 不定式做宾语补足语
allow, ask, cause, command, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, invite, oblige, order, permit, request, require, tell, urge, want

4. 动名词的复合结构 one’s doing

Do you mind opening the door?
Do you mind my opening the door?

I appreciate your coming to see me.

5. 分词的差别和选用
（1）差别
现在分词 主动 正在进行
过去分词 被动 已经完成
（2）选用（首先应用一个简单句只能有一个独立的谓语这一原则）
a. 看其与逻辑主语之间的关系
b. 意义

6. 独立主格结构
特点：分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
Weather permitting, we will go fishing.
There being many people over there, something must have happened.

往年四级题
1. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ___ to the outside world.
A. having been lost B. to be lost C. losing D. lost
2. Although a teenager, Fred could resist ____ what to do and what not to do.
A. being told B. telling C. to be told D. to tell
3. What a lovely party! It’s worth ____ all my life.
A. remembering B. to remember
C. to be remembered D. being remembered
4. We left the meeting, there obviously ___ no pint in staying.
A. were B. being C. to be D. having
5. ___ their work will give us a much better feel for the wide difference between the two schools of thought.
A. To have reviewed B. Having reviewed
C. Reviewing D. Being reviewed
6. Sometimes children have trouble ___ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.
A. to separate B. separating C. for separating D. of separating
7. He wasn’t appointed chairman of the committee, ___ not very popular with its members.
A. to be considered B. considering
C. being considered D. having considered
8. Contrast may make something appear more beautiful than it is when ___alone.
A. seen B. is seen C. to be seen D. having been seen
9. All flights ___ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train.
A. Having been canceled B. had been canceled
C. Having canceled D. were canceled

二、定语从句
用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。

1．关系词
句子成分　　代替人　　 代替物　　 代替人或物
关系代词 主语　 who　　 which　　　 that
宾语　 whom　　 which　　　 that
关系形容词 定语　 whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)

关系副词 状语 时间 地点 原因 方式
when where why

This is the way I get used to.

2. 关系代词的几点特殊用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, (something), nothing, everything, none等不定代词，关系代词只用that，不用which。
(2) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom。

Is there anyone here who will go with you?

(3) 如果先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：

The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.

(4). 介词＋关系代词
(1) “介词＋关系代词” 可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。

(2) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中不能将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.

3. 非限定性的定语从句
(1) 与先行词关系松散，可有可无。
(2) 它可以指主句的全部内容。例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

往年四级题
1. Government reports examination compositions，legal documents and most business letters are the main situations ____ formal language is used.
A) in which B) on which C) at what D) in that
2. The hours _____ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.
A) in which          B) on which      C) when             D) that
3. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.
A) whose        B) which      C) that       D) what
4. Living in the western part of the country has its problems, ____ obtaining fresh water is not the least.
A) with which      B) for which       C) of which      D) which
5. I‘ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place _______. 
A) where I'd like to visit   B) in which I'd like to visit
C) I most want to visit      D) that I want to visit it most
6. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new born babies in that region, ____ were surprising. 
A) as results  B) which results  
C) the results of it  D) the results of which 
7. We need a chairman _______. 
 A) for whom everyone has confidence 
B) in whom everyone has confidence 
   C) who everyone has confidence of 
D) whom everyone has confidence on.
8. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _____ up to half will be from overseas. 
A) in which      B) for whom     C) with which    D) of whom
9. Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ___ other more well-informed experimenters failed. 
    A) which       B) that         C) what           D) where
10. I have kept that portrait _______ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.
A) which B) where C) whether D) when
11. Areas _____ students have particular difficulty have been treated with particular care.
A) that B) which C) where D) when
12. There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A) that        B) which        C) in which        D) whose

三、虚拟语气

1. Were 型的虚拟语气
(1) If 引导的条件句中
对过去的虚拟：从句 had done， 主句 would have done
对现在的虚拟：从句-ed或were，主句would ＋动词原形
对将来的虚拟：从句-ed, were to do, should do; 主句 would＋动词原形
复合形式：
If 省略，助动词倒装
If it were not for sth, Were it not for sth
If it had not been for sth, Had it not been for sth
(2) wish （对过去的虚拟 had done， 对现在、将来的虚拟 –ed）
(3) would rather (宁愿) + 宾语从句 （-ed）
(4) would that (但愿)+ 宾语从句 （-ed）
(5) as if （对过去的虚拟 had done， 对现在、将来的虚拟 –ed）
(6) but for
2. should 型的虚拟语气
suggest, advise, propose, recommend order, demand, insist, ask, request
(1). 宾语从句中：
(2). 同位语从句中：My suggestion is that …
(3). 主语从句中(It is essential, necessary, important, crucial, vital that …, It is Ved that … e.g. It is required that ….
(5) lest, for fear that 引导的从句中
(6) prefer后的宾语从句

往年四级题
1. We　booked　rooms　at　the　hotel　____ we　should　find　no　vacancies　on　our　arrival.
A. whenever　 B. if　 C. since 　 D. lest
2.         the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time.
       A) But for                       B) In case of    C) In spite of                 D) Because of
3. The article suggests that when a person ____ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet.
A) is 　 B) were　 C) be D) was　
4 . Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _______ to investigate the incident.
A) were set up B) was set up C) be set up D) set up
5. Jack wishes that he ____ business instead of history when he was in university.
A. studied B. study C. had been studying D. had studied
6 . It is important that the hotel receptionist ____ that guests are registered correctly.
A) has made sure     B) made sure    C) must make sure     D) make sure
7. Who would you rather ___ with you, George or me?
A. going B. to go C. have gone D. went
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