装载机中英文.doc

Loaders
装载机
Overview概述

Basic Concept .基本概念
A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle) machinery that is primarily used to "load" material into another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, rail-car, etc.).Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters of earth. The front loader's bucket capacity is much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders are not classified as earthmoving machinery, as their primary purpose is other than earthmoving.
装载机是一种主要用于向另一种机械（自卸车、输送皮带、铁路运输车辆等）“装载”物料的建设机械（工程车辆）设备。装载机主要用于向卡车装载物料，以及铺设管道、清理碎石和挖土等工作。作为挖土作业装载机不是最有效的机械，与挖掘机不同，装载机不适用于轮胎支承面以下较深处的挖掘作业。装载机的深底铲斗一般可装载3～6立方米的土壤。铲斗前置装载机的斗容量远大于挖掘装载机的斗容量。装载机不属于铲土运输机械，因其主要用途并非土方运输。
Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks but provide less traction.
尽管履带式装载机是普遍的，但与大多数推土机不同，大多数装载机是轮式的而并非履带式。履带式装载机适用于棱角锐利的建筑材料会破坏橡胶轮胎的场合，或者在松软泥泞道路上的作业。轮式装载机具有良好的机动性和较高的工作速度，并且不像履带那样破坏铺装路面，但其所能提供的牵引力较小。
Unlike standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful.
与安装前置铲斗的标准拖拉机不同，许多大型装载机不使用汽车转向机构。取而代之，它们通过液压驱动的安装于前、后桥之间的转向铰接装置转向。这种转向称为“铰接转向”，它可使前桥固定，并使其承受更大的重量。对于一定的轴距铰接转向提供了较好的机动性。由于前轮与工作装置绕同一车轴旋转，驾驶员在使机械定位后可使铲斗沿弧线“转向”，这一点是实用的。
The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools--for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper.
装载机的工作装置可以是更换式的或者是固定安装。铲斗常常可用其它装置或工具更换，例如，许多装载机可以安装叉车工装提升重型货物或者装运集装箱，装备液压开启式“蛤壳”型铲斗可以使装载机像推土机或铲运机一样作业。
In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances. Loaders are also used for snow removal, using their bucket or a snow basket, but usually using a snowplow attachment. They clear snow from streets, highways and parking lots. They sometimes load snow into dump trucks for transport.
在各种建筑工地上装载机也经常用来近距离转运建筑材料，例如砖块、管材、钢筋、各种挖掘工具等。借助铲斗或除雪铲，装载机也用于除雪作业，但通常使用除雪装置。它们用来清除街道、公路和停车场上的积雪。有时用装载机将积雪装载到自卸车上进行运输。
Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Many engineering vehicle manufacturers offer a wide range of loaders, the most notable are those of John Deere, Caterpillar, Case, Volvo, Komatsu and Liebherr.
近20年来，特别是在城市建设工程和小型土方运输工程中，装载机获得了普遍的应用。许多工程车辆制造商可生产多种类型的装载机，其中最知名的有约翰迪尔、卡特彼勒、凯斯、沃尔沃、小松和利勃海尔等品牌。
Applications应用

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1. loading materials装载材料；2. earthmoving铲土运输；3. forestry engineering林业工程；4. snow removing除雪作业；5. underground work井下作业；6. loading and unloading装卸货物；7. pipe laying铺设管道；8. maintain pavement维修路面；9. land clearing场地清理；10. garden work园林工作；11. rolling compaction碾压路面；12. tunnel construction隧道作业
Types类型

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1. mini type loader微型装载机；2.small type wheel loader小型轮式装载机；3.medium type wheel loader中型轮式装载机；4.large type wheel loader大型轮式装载机；5. track-type loader履带式装载机；6. skid steer loader滑移转向装载机；7. underground mining loader井下作业装载机；8. multi terrain loader多功能装载机；9. wheel backhoe loader轮式挖掘装载机；10. side dumping loader侧卸式装载机
Components and Features组成与特点
Components组成
Basic Components基本部件

1. bucket铲斗；2. front axle前桥；3.instrumentation console仪表盘；4. cab and operating system驾驶室及操作系统；5.engine and transmission system发动机及传动系统；6. engine hood发动机罩；7. counterweight配重；8. rear axle后桥；9.rear frame后机架；10. electrical system电气系统；11. front frame前机架；12. mudguard挡泥板；13. boom动臂；14. rocker arm cylinder摇臂油缸；15. connecting rod连杆；16. rocker arm摇臂；17. boom cylinder动臂油缸；18. frame机架
Hydro mechanical Transmission System液力机械传动系统

1.engine发动机；2. torque converter液力变矩器；3. power shifting transmission box动力换档变速箱；4. front axle前桥；5. Caliper disc brake钳盘式制动器；6. wheel车轮；7. parking brake驻车制动器；8. rear axle后桥；9. gear shift pump变速油泵；10. steering pump转向油泵；11. operational pump工作油泵；12. wheel redactor轮边减速器
Transmission System Arrangement传动系统布置

1. engine发动机；2. torque converter液力变矩器；3. power shift transmission box动力换档变速箱；4. rear frame后机架；5. front frame前机架；6. front axle前桥；7. transmission shaft传动轴；8. rear axle后桥
Torque Converter液力变矩器

1. flywheel飞轮；2、4、7、11、17、19. bearing轴承；3. torque converter rotation housing变矩器旋转壳体；5. elastic plate弹性板；6. first turbine第一涡轮； 8. second turbine第二涡轮；9. stator导轮；10. pump impeller泵轮；12. gear齿轮；13. stator shaft导轮轴；14. second turbine shaft第二涡轮轴；15. first turbine shaft第一涡轮轴；16. spacer ring隔离环；18. one-way clutch gear单向离合器齿轮；20. one-way clutch roller单向离合器滚柱

Performance Characteristic工作特性

Hydro-mechanical Series Drive液压机械组合传动

1. engine发动机；2. piston pump柱塞液压泵；3. low speed piston motor低速柱塞马达；4.high peed piston motor高速柱塞马达；5. transfer case分动箱
Hastate Power Train System静液传动系统

1. Neutral-start parking brake lever空档启动停车制动手柄；2. Track motors履带驱动马达；3. Hastate pumps hoses液压泵；4. Hydraulic oil cooler液压油冷却器；5. Service brakes行车制动器；6. hoses液压软管；7. Wet, multi-disc parking brakes湿式、多片停车制动器；8. Double reduction planetary final drives双级行星减速最终驱动装置；9. hydraulic filters液压滤清器
Operator Station of Track Loader履带式装载机驾驶员操作台

1. Neutral-start parking brake lever空档启动停车制动手柄；2. Track motors履带驱动马达；3. Hastate pumps hoses液压泵；4. Hydraulic oil cooler液压油冷却器；5. Service brakes行车制动器；6. hoses液压软管；7. Wet, multi-disc parking brakes湿式、多片停车制动器；8. Double reduction planetary final drives双级行星减速最终驱动装置；9. hydraulic filters液压滤清器
Standard Equipment Specifications标准装置规格类型与性能参数
1 Engine发动机：Type：Water-cooled, 4-stroke cycle类型：水冷，四冲程循环；Aspiration：Turbocharged充气形式：涡轮增压；Number of cylinders气缸数；Bore x stroke缸径x冲程；Piston displacement气缸排量：Governor： Mechanical, all-speed control调速器：机械式，全程调速；Horsepower rating @ 2400 rpm (SAE J1349)功率/2400 rpm（SAE标准： J1349）；Gross horsepower总功率；Net horsepower净功率；Meets EPA emissions regulations符合EPA排放规范；Fuel system：Direct injection供油系：直喷式；Lubrication system润滑系：Method：Gear pump, force-lubrication方式：齿轮泵，压力润滑；Filter：Full-flow滤清器：全流量；Air cleaner：Dry-type with double elements and dust evacuator, plus dust indicator空气滤清器：干式，双芯、排尘器、灰尘指示器配置
2. Transmission 传动装置：Torque converter：3-element, single-stage, single-phase变矩器：三元件，单级，单相；Transmission.：Full power shift, countershaft, automatic变速器：动力换档，副传动，自动型
3. Axles and Final Drives驱动桥与终传动：Drive system：Four-wheel drive传动系统：四轮驱动；Front：Fixed, semi-floating前桥：固定式，半浮动轴；Rear：Center-pin support, semi-floating,24° total oscillation后桥：中心铰支承，半浮动轴，总摆动角24°；Reduction gear：Spiral bevel gear减速齿轮：螺旋伞齿轮；Differential gear：Torque proportioning差速齿轮：转矩比例配合；Final reduction gear：Planetary gear, single reduction终减速齿轮：行星齿轮，单级减速
4. Brakes制动器：Service brakes: Hydraulically-actuated, wet disc brakes actuate
on four wheels行车制动器：液压驱动，四车轮湿式盘式制动；Parking brake: Wet, multi-disc brake on transmission output shaft驻车制动器：变速箱输出轴湿式多片制动
5. Steering System转向系：Type：Articulated type, full-hydraulic power steering类型：铰接式，全液压动力转向；Steering angle：40° each direction转向角：各个方向40°；Minimum turning radius at the center of outside tire外轮中心最小转弯半径
6. Boom and Bucket动臂和铲斗：
Z-bar loader linkage is designed for maximum rigidity and offers powerful breakout.
Z型连杆设计提供了最大的刚性和强大的破坏力。
Rap-out loader linkage design enables shock dumping for removing sticky materials.
敲打型连杆设计提供了粘性材料的振动装卸。
Sealed loader linkage pins with dust seals extend greasing intervals.
防尘密封式连干销延长了润滑间隔时间。
The bucket is made of high-tensile strength steel.
铲斗由高抗拉强度钢制做。
7. Bucket Controls铲斗控制：
The use of a PPC hydraulic control valve offers lighter operating effort for the work equipment control levers.
应用液压程序控制阀使工作装置操纵杆操作轻便。
The reduction in the lever force and travel makes it easy to operate in the work envy- ornament.
操纵杆作用力和行程的减小使工作装置的操作变得容易。
Control positions位置控制：Boom：Raise, hold, lower, and float动臂：提升，保持，下降，浮动；Bucket ：Roll back, hold, and dump铲斗：后倾翻，保持，倾卸
8. Hydraulic System液压系统：Capacity (discharge flow) engine-rated rpm发动机额定转速容量（流量）：Loader pump装载机液压泵；Steering pump转向泵；Pilot pump(Gear-type pumps)引导泵（齿轮泵）；Relief valve setting安全阀设定压力；Control valve：2-spool open center type控制阀：双阀芯开式中心型；Hydraulic cylinders：Double-acting, piston液压缸：双作用，活塞；Hydraulic cycle time (rated load in bucket)：Raise，Dump，Lower (empty)，Total cycle time液压循环时间：提升时间，倾卸时间，下降时间，总循环时间
Dimensions尺寸规格
Wheel Loader轮式装载机

1. Height to top of ROPS 倾翻保护驾驶室顶部高度；2. Height to top of exhaust pipe 发动机排气管道顶部高度 ；3. Height to top of hood 机罩顶部高度；4. Ground Clearance 离地间隙；5. B-Pin height at max. height 最大铲斗铰点高度；6. Center line of rear axle to edge of counterweight 后轴至配重边沿中心距；7. Wheelbase 轴距；8. B-Pin height at carry position铲斗铰点运输高度；9. Center line of rear axle to hitch 后轴至车架铰销轴中心距；10. Rack back at maximum lift 最大提升高度铲斗后倾角；11. Dump angle at maximum lift 最大提升高度铲斗卸载角；12. Rack back at carry position 铲斗运输位置后倾角；13. Rack back at ground 铲斗地面位置后倾角；14. Height to center line of axle 中心轴线高度；15. Bucket reach 卸载距离；16. Dump clearance at 45° full height 卸载角45°时的最大卸载高度
Track-Type Loader履带式装载机

1. Overall machine width with bucket机械总宽度（包括铲斗）；2. Overall machine width without bucket机械总宽度（不包括铲斗）；3.Machine height to top of cab机械驾驶室顶部高度；4.Length to front of track履带长度；5.Overall machine length机械总长度；6.Digging Depth铲掘深度；7.Maximum rollback at carry position运输位置最大后倾角；8.Reach at full lift height最大高度卸载距离；9.S.A.E. specified dump angle S.A.E. 标准卸载角；10.Maximum rollback, fully raised最大提升高度时的最大后倾角；11.Dump clearance at full height and 45° discharge最大高度45°卸载角时的卸载高度；12.Height to bucket hinge pin铲斗铰销高度；13.Overall machine height, bucket fully raised铲斗最大提升高度时的机械最大高度。
Bucket Features铲斗特点

1. Edge steel with extra hardened and toughened wear plates of up to 500 Brunel gives the bucket longer operating life.
铲斗棱边为超硬耐磨钢板，布氏硬度达到500，具有较长的使用寿命。
2. Bucket shell and side plates of up to 400 Brunel to withstand abrasive wear. Reinforced mounting points where the attachment is installed give less wear.
铲斗壳体与侧板的布氏硬度达400,以抵抗磨料磨损。经强化处理的附件安装铰点减少了磨损。
3. Bucket cutting edges of abrasive-resistant steel of up to 500 Brunel. Replaceable bolt-on wears plates on bucket floor, 500 Brunel.
铲斗切削刀刃为抗磨料磨损钢材，布氏硬度达500。铲斗底板上安装有耐磨衬板，由螺栓紧固可更换，布氏硬度为500。
4. Bolt-on edge savers and segments protect the cutting edge from unnecessary wear.
螺栓紧固的边缘节省块和分段防止了切削刃的不必要磨损。
5. Volvo Tooth System with bolt-on or weld-on adapters of up to 515 Brunel gives excellent penetration and less bucket wear.
沃尔沃斗齿系统配备有螺栓紧固型或焊接型连接器，布氏硬度达515，具有最佳的插入深度和较小的磨损。
Skid-steer Loader Features滑移装载机特点

1. The round-back bucket design is stronger with no angled corners. This configuration makes it easier to fill and dump — improving productivity.
圆弧底铲斗设计更加坚固，没有死角。这种结构使铲斗更加容易装载和倾卸物料，从而提高了生产率。
2. The ROPS/FOPS structure protects and shields the operator.
防倾翻/防落物驾驶室结构保护了驾驶员的安全。
3. A total of four exterior lights help to illuminate any job site day or night.
四个外部照明灯设置可在白天或夜晚照亮施工现场。
4. A safety system locks lift, tilt and drive systems when the operator leaves the seat, raises the seat bar, or turns off the ignition switch. The brakes are wet-type multiple discs that require no maintenance.
当驾驶员离开座椅、提起座椅横杆或者关闭启动开关时，安全系统将锁定提升、倾翻和驱动系统。
5. Heavy-duty tires are standard — matching the durability of the skid-steer.
使用重型标准轮胎，适应滑移转向的耐久性要求。
6. The rugged all-welded unitized frame is constructed of .375-inch gauge steel for years of productivity. Step bushings are placed in all key pivot areas to increase strength and reduce stress.
全焊接整体车架由0.375英寸工具钢建造，坚固耐用，满足长期生产能力要求。重要枢轴均采用阶梯衬套，以便增加强度和减小应力。
7. A wider wheelbase provides for a smooth ride and more balance for stability with heavier loads. A 9-inch ground clearance allows easy maneuverability through mud and other terrain.
较宽的轴距保证了平稳行驶，重载作业更加稳定。
8. Hydraulic lines are protected within the loader arm.
液压管路设置于装载机动臂内部受到保护。
9. Mustang features a self-leveling vertical lift.
野马牌装载机的特点是具有自找平垂直提升特性。
10. The advanced hydraulic system affords longer service intervals and comes with a sight glass for quick and easy fluid level inspections.
先进的液压系统可提供较长的工作时间，并配置了玻璃液面计，以便于检查液压油面高度。
11. A drop-down step makes it convenient to check engine and maintenance points.
下落式台阶设置便于发动机和保养点的检查。
Working Attachments工作附件
Bucket Type铲斗类型

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1.Spade nose rock bucket中凸式石料铲斗；2. straight edge rock bucket with teeth直边有齿石料铲斗；3. General purpose bucket with teeth通用有齿铲斗；4. General purpose bucket with bolt-on-edges螺栓紧固边刃通用铲斗；5. Light material bucket with bolt-on edges螺栓紧固边刃轻质材料铲斗；6. Log/Sorting grapples木材堆放抓斗
Working Attachments of Skid-steer Loader滑移装载机工作附件

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1. Cold Planer冷铣刨；2. Pallet Fork货叉；3. Hydraulic Breakers 液压破碎锤；4. Angle Brooms转角清扫滚刷；5. General Purpose Pick-Up Broom 通用收集式清扫；6. Brush Grapple Bucket刷式抓斗；7. Forked Scrap Grapple Bucket叉式杂物抓斗；8. Power Rake动力耙；9. Heavy Duty Scrap Grapple Bucket重型杂物抓斗；10. Rock Bucket石料铲斗；11. Stump Grinder树根粉碎机；12. Snow Blower转子除雪机；13. Snow Blade除雪铲；14. Vibratory Roller振动碾
New Technology of Wheel Loader轮式装载机新技术
Introduction简介
Komatsu-integrated design offers the best value, reliability, and versatility. Hydraulics, power train, frame, and all other major components are engineered by Komatsu. You get a machine whose components are designed to work together for higher production, greater reliability, and more versatility. Komatsu’s highly productive, innovative technology, environmentally friendly machines built for the 21st ce