第016章一致关系.doc

第十六章 一致关系
一致关系指词语之间在人称、数、性等方面的一致。本章着重讨论词语之间在数方面的一致，即主谓一致。在一个句子主谓是否一致时，要遵循下列三个原则：
既语法是否一致，意义是否一致以及临近是否一致。
第一节单数名词形式作主语的主谓一致
单数名词作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式，但是有些单数名词形式，但是有些单数名词形式却含有复数意义，这时要用复数形式。
一、集合名词作主语的主谓一致
1、集合名词作主语，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数；如表示成员则用复数。常见的这部分名词有any, audience, class, club, committee, company, crowd, couple, family, group, government, jury, party, personnel, staff, team, union, public等。例如：
If the football team wins the game, the club will be the champion.
如果这个足球队赢了这场比赛，这个俱乐部将是冠军。
The football team are discussing the problem with their coach now.
足球队员们正在与他们的教练讨论这个问题。
The family has lived on the house for over 20 years.
这家人已经在这栋房子里住了20年了。
The family are going abroad for a holiday.
这家人准备到国外度假。
2、有些集合名词，如等作主语，动词总是跟复数形式。例如：
Cattle are grazing in the field.
牛在田野里吃草。
The police carry weapons.
警察都持有武器
二、单复数同形的名词作主语的主谓一致
单复数同形的名词作主语，要根据上下文的意义及修饰这些词的词来确定其谓语形式。常见的这部分名词有：aircraft, deer, fish, means, sheep, species, series, works, crossroads, headquarters等。例如：
There are various species of butterflies.
蝴蝶有许多种类。
There has been a series of car accidents at the crossing.
在那个交叉路口曾发生过一连串的车祸。
Every means has been tried.
各种办法都想过了。
The means of communication between here and outside are interrupted.
这里与外界的联系受到了干扰。
A sheep doesn’t belong to ours.
有一只羊不是我们的。
More than a thousand sheep are eating grass on the hillside.
山坡上有一千多只羊在吃草。
第二节 复数名词形式作主语的主谓一致
一、 以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、组织名的主谓一致
以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、组织名等作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：
The United States is composed of fifty states.
美国有五十个州组成。
The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.
《坎特伯雷故事》是乔叟写的。
二、专有名词作主语的主谓一致
表示群、瀑布、山脉等词以“”结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数形式。例如：
The Alps are in Europe.阿尔卑斯山脉在欧洲。
The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean. 菲律宾群岛在太平洋。
三、以-ics结尾的名词的主谓一致
以-ics结尾的名词指一门学科时，作主语常用单数谓语动词形式。但是，当这些名词表示实际内容时，谓语动词则用复数形式。常见的这些词有：
politics（政治学） mathematics（数学） mumps（腮腺炎） statistics（统计学）
acoustics（音响学） linguistics（语言学） electronics（电子学） optics（光学）
physics（物理学） economics（经济学）
例如：
Physics was the only course he failed in.
物理学是他惟一不及格的课程。
Mumps is a very common disease which usually affects children.
腮腺炎是孩子们常得的一种常见病。
Statistics show that the number of housewives who work part-time has increased in the last few in the U.S..
据统计，最近两三年间，美国家庭主妇兼职工作的人数已经增加了。
Statistics is a subject that is difficult to learn.
统计学是一门很难学的课。
Economics is his major.
经济学是她的主修课程。
Economics have greatly improved in the country.
这个国家的经济状况已经大大改善了。
第三节 of构成的短语作主语的主谓一致
一、“all (most, half, plenty, enough, some, the ret, the remainder等)＋of”短语作主语的主谓一致
如果of后面的部分为复数形式，作主语时谓语动词用复数 ;如果of后面所接名词为单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：
Half of the students are boys. 学生中有一半是男孩子。
The rest of the lecture is dull. 演讲的其余部分是枯燥的。
The rest of the bicycles are on sale today. 今天出售剩余的自行车。
When enough of the tree is chopped away, the tree falls.
如果一棵树砍去的部分足够多，树就倒了。
注：上面这些词也可单独作主语，这时其主谓一致关系一般遵循意义一般的原则；如果所指为复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；如果所指为单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
All is ready for the reception. 接待工作一切都准备就绪了。
All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有人都急于达成协议。
Although his many examples were all right, the remainder not exact.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
答案为D。译文：尽管他列举的许多例子是可以的，但其余部分不准确。
二、“a lot(mass, heap等)＋of+名词”短语作主语的主谓一致
“a lot(mass, heap等)/lots + of+名词”短语作主语时，如果of后面所接名词为复数形式，谓语动词就用复数形式；如果of后面所接名词为单数形式，谓语动词就用单数形式。The mass of的用法也相同。例如：
A heap of difficulties were pressing him. 成堆的难题使感到压力沉重。
A mass of information has been revealed. 大量的情报已经被泄露了。
A mass of books are arranged in the bookshelves. 书架上摆着大量的书。
The mass of people in the country are Christian. 那个国家的大部分人是基督教徒。
Lots of damage was caused by the fire. 火灾造成了巨大损失。
Lots of people were present at the meeting. 许多人出席了这个会议。
三、“none of, neither of ,either of ”构成的短语作主语的主谓一致
1、none of 后面若接的是可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单复数都可以；若接的是不可数名词，就用单数形式。例如：
None of us have/has ever been abroad. 我们中没有人曾到过国外。
None of the money was paid to me. 连一分钱也没有付给我。
2、neither of……和either of……构成的短语作主语，谓语动词通常用单数形式，但在口语中也可视为复数。例如：
Neither of the cars was/were damaged. 两部车都没受损。
Either of them wear/wears glasses. 他们两个都戴眼镜。
四“分数或百分数+of……”构成的短语作主语的主谓一致
在“分数或百分数+of”结构中，如果of后面的部分为复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；如果of后面为单数或不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词则用单数形式。例如：
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 地球表面的四分之一是海。
About one third of the books are worth reading. 大约三分之一的书值得读。
About 20% of the students were absent from the meeting.
大约百分之二十的学生没有参加这个会。
Only 30% of the work was done yesterday. 昨天只完成了百分之三十的工作。
五、“form(kind, part, piece, portion, section, sort, type等)+of……”短语作主语的主谓一致
“from of……”等短语作主语时，其谓语动词的单复数取决于这些词本身的单复数与of后面的名词没关系。例如：
There are two different forms of the same thing. 这些是同一事物两种不同的形式。
Parts of the book are interesting 这本书有几部分很有趣。
A substantial portion of the reports is missing. 这些报告里有一部分不见了。
The kind of books an author writes depends on the kind of man who he is.
什么样的作家写什么样的书。
A new type of bus is now on show. 现在正在展出一种新型的公共汽车。
六、“one of ＋复数名词或代词＋定语从句”结构中的主谓一致。例如：
This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.
这是所提出的问题中最有趣的问题之一。
He is one of the few persons I know who have learnt from experience.
他是我知道的吸取了经验的少数人之一。
2、当one之前有the only等词修饰时，分句中的谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Sara was the only one of the youngest girls who pays in the band.
萨拉是在乐队演奏的最年轻的女孩。
He was the only of the boys who was given a prize. 他是这些孩子中惟一受到奖励的。
七、“a(the) number (a variety)of +可数名词”作主语时的主谓一致
1、“a number (a variety)of +可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
A number of students are from the south. 一些学生来自南方。
There are a variety of goods on sale in the shop. 在那个商店，各种各样的商品在出售。
2、“the number of (数目)和the variety of (种类）等＋可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
The number of students from the north is small. 来自北方的学生不多。
The variety of goods on sale in that shop is surprising. 那个商店的商品品种多得惊人。
八、“an amount(amounts) of 或 a quantity(quantities) of +不可数名词”作主语的主谓一致
1、“an amount(amounts) of 或 a quantity(quantities) of +不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。例如：
An large amount of money is spent on the project.
这项工程耗费了巨大资金。
A large quantity of desert covers the land.
大量的沙子覆盖了这块地。
2、“quantities of或amounts of＋不可数名词“作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
Small amounts of land were used for raising animals.
使用少量的地饲养动物。
Large quantities of coal are needed in the factory every year.
这个工厂每年都需要大量的煤。
九、“a group of＋复数名词”作主语的主谓一致
当“a group of/a flock of/ a crowd of等＋复数名词”作主语时，如果强调的是整体，谓语动词用单数，如果强调的是个体，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
A group of little girls was/were playing in the park.
一群小女孩正在公园玩。
The group of young people come from different parts of the world.
这批年轻人都来自世界各地。（强调个体）
十、a (the) majority (of),a (the) minority (of) 短语作主语的主谓一致
在a(the) majority/minority of……短语中，of后面既可接单数可数名词和复数可数名词，也可接不可数名词。如果of名词的名词是单数形式，谓语动词就用单数形式。如果of后面的名词是复数形式，如视为整体，谓语动词用单数；如视为个体谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
The majority of students were/was indifferent to the political meeting.
大多数的学生对政治集会漠不关心。
Only a minority of students receives the scholarship.
仅有少数的学生得到奖学金。
The majority of wool used in America is imported.
美国国内所用的大多数羊毛是进口的。
The majority were (was) for the proposal.
多数人赞成这个提议。
The minority is subordinate to the majority.
少数服从多数。
第四节 并列主语的主谓一致
一、由and并列的结构作主语时的主谓一致
1、both……and……连接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数形式。例如：
Both rice and cotton grow in abundance in this part of China. 中国的这一地区盛产大米和棉花。
Both you and I were wrong. 你和我都错了。
2、由and连接两个单数名词作主语时，指的是复数概念，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
English and Chinese are quite different languages. 英语和汉语是完全不同的语言。
Basketball and football are usually popular among students.
篮球和足球是学生们最喜爱的运动。
The secretary and the manager were present at the meeting. 秘书和经理出席了这个会议。
Good and bad butter are things quite different to our taste. 优质和劣质奶油口味很不相同。
The red and white rose were withering in the cold. 红玫瑰和白玫瑰正在寒冷中枯萎。
3、当and并列的主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
My neighbor and colleague is watering the flowers.
我的邻居也就是我的同事在浇花。（并列主语指同一人）
The secretary and manager was present at the meeting.
秘书兼经理出席了这个会议。（并列主语指同一人）
Whisky and soda is always my favorite drink.
威士忌加苏打总是最合我的口味。（指同一种东西）
The hammer and sickle was flying from a tall flagpole.
铁锤镰刀旗在高高的旗杆上迎风飘扬。（指同一种东西）
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。（指同一概念）
Your assistance and that of your friends is greatly appreciated.
非常感谢你和你朋友们的帮忙。（指同一概念）
4、each……and each……, every……and very……, no……and no……等作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Each boy and each girl is congratulated. 祝贺每一个男孩和女孩。
Every eventuality and every possibility was being taken into account.
正在考虑各种结果和可能性。
No teacher and no student was present.
没有一个老师和学生出席。
5、两个部件配成的物品，如a knife and fork, a cup and saucer, a cart and horse等，也可视为单数概念，与单数形式的动词搭配。例如：
A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处来了一套马车。
二、either……or, not only……but(also)……等连接的并列成分作主语时的主谓一致
or, either……or……, neither……nor……,not only……but(also)……等连接的并列成分作主语时，根据就近一致的原因处理。离谓语部分近的主语部分是单数，谓语动词就用单数，离谓语部分近的主语是复数，谓语动词就用复数。例如：
A technical manual or samples are distributed free at the exhibition.
展览会上，技术手册或样品免费分发。
Either fans or an air-conditioner is necessary for this laboratory.
对实验室来说，电扇和空调是必要的。
Not only the teacher but also his students object to the change.
不但教师反对，学生也反对这一改变。
Not only the students but also their teacher objects to the change
不但学生反对，老师也反对这一改变。
三、“名词（或代词）＋某些介词等词组”作主语的主谓一致
当主语后面跟由with, together with, along with, like , in addition to, as well as, as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, except等连接的词组时，其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定。谓语动词的单复数形式与这些词组没有关系。例如：
The pilot as well as two of the passengers has miraculously escaped death.
飞行员及两名乘客奇迹般地死里逃生。
Some of the workers, as all as the manager, were working during the holidays.
一些工人和经理一样在假日工作。
Man, no less than the lower forms of life, is the product of the evolution.
人类也像其他较低形式的生命一样是进化过程的结果。
No one except two servants was late for dinner.
除了两个佣人之外，没有人晚宴迟到。
Doctor Smith, together with his wife and two sons, is to arrive on the evening flight.
史密斯博士及其夫人和两个儿子将乘晚班飞机抵达。

第五节 主语从句中主句的主谓一致
一、what-分句作主语的主谓一致
1、通常情况下，由what引导的主语从句放在句首时，主句谓语用单数形式。例如：
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.事故是由什么引起的完全是个谜。
What interests her is English. 使她感兴趣的是英语。
What hurt our feeling most was his rude remarks.
最伤害我们感情的是他那些粗鲁的话。
2、如果主句中的表语是复数形式，谓语动词也可以是复数形式。例如：
What we badly need hare are competent teachers. 我们这里急需的是合格的教师。
What was real to him were the details of his life. 对他来说真实的是生活的细节。
3、当what分句的谓语动词及其补足语均为复数结构时，主句的谓语动词也可以是复数形式。例如：
What are often regarded as poisonous fungi are sometimes safely edible.
平时被认为是有毒的真菌有时尽可放心食用。
4、当what分句是个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句谓语动词也可以是复数形式。例如：
What I say and think are none of your business. 我说什么想什么都与你无关。
二、 that等名词性分句作主语的主谓一致
that等名词性分句作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
That they were wrong in these matters is now clear to us.
他们在这些事情上的错误，现在对我们大家来说已经很清楚了。
Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me. 她是否来与我没什么关系。
Who is to head the delegation is still open to question.
谁当代表团团长仍然是悬而未决的问题。
三、两个由and连接的名词性从句作主语的主谓一致
两个由and连接的名词性从句作主语，并表示两件事情时，其谓语动词用复数。例如：
What caused the accident and who was responsible for remain a mystery to us.
造成事情的原因是什么，谁应对事故负责，对我们来说是一个谜。
第六节 其他结构中的主谓一致
一、名词化的形容词作主语的主谓一致
1、当某些形容词同定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语时，谓语动词用复数；当某些形容词同定冠词the连用表示某类事物作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人得到了医治，失踪的也已找回来了。
The innocent are often deceived by the unscrupulous.
天真的人常为奸诈之徒所欺骗。
We can do the difficult fist. The impossible takes a little longer.
我们先从难题开始，不会的可能花的时间会长一些。
The beautiful lives forever. 美是永存的。
但是，某些形容词同定冠词连用作主语指个人时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
The accused was acquitted. 被告获释。
2、以-sh, -ch和-ese等结尾的形容词与定冠词the连用，表示民族和国家的总称，谓语动词用复数形式。常用的这类词有：the Chinese, the English, the British, the French, the Japanese, the Dutch, the Polish, the Swedish等。例如：
The English are said to be conservative. 据说英国人是保守的。
The Chinese are a friendly people. 中华民族是个友善的民族。
The Japanese are said to be very industrious. 据说日本人非常勤勉。
三、 动名词或不定式短语作主语的主谓一致
1、单个动名词短语或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：
To plan a composition in advance is a god idea. 事先起草一篇作文是个好主意。
Your leaving us so soon was a great disappointment for us all.
你这么早离去使我们所有的人都很失望。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火是危险的。
2、但是，当主语为两个并列的动名词或并列的不定式时，谓语动词通常用复数形式。有时，如果并列的两部分皆指同一概念或事情时，则用单数谓语动词形式。例如：
To listen to fine music and to have stimulating conversation with good friends are two pleasures in life. 听优美的音乐及与好朋友进行推心置腹的交流是人生的两大乐事。
Weeping and wailing does nothing towards solving the problem.
恸哭悲泣对解决问题无济于事。
Reading novels and solving equation are different assignment.
读小说和解方程式是不同的作业。
三、“more than one……或many a……”构成的短语作主语的主谓一致
如果主语是由more than one……或many a ……构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词仍采取单数形式。例如：
There is more than one answer to your question. 你的问题不止一种答案。
More than one case has been noted. 已记下了不止一个案件。
May a man has sacrificed him for the cause of the revolution.
许多人为了革命事业牺牲了自己的生命。
四、 不定代词each, one, no one, some(any, no, every)+body(one或thing)等作主语时的主谓一致
不定代词each, one, no one, some(any, no, every)+body(one或thing)在句中作主语或作限定词，谓语动词一律是单数。例如：
Nobody wants to do the work. 没有人想做那个工作。
Each couple is asked to complete a form. 要求每对夫妇填一张表。
Every one of us has had such an experience. 我们每一个人都有这样的经验。
Either of the students goes to the library every day. 两个学生每天都去图书馆。
五、某些表示数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致
1、当名词词组中心为表示度量、时间、距离、钱币等复数名词，往往可根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看做一个整体，谓语动词采取单数形式。例如：
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me. 对我来说，15英里的步行似乎很远。
Twenty years in prison was the penalty he had to pay. 20年的监禁是他应得的惩罚。
Ten thousand dollars is quite a large sum. 10000美金是相当大的一笔款子。
2、数学上的加法和乘法作主语，谓语动词单复数都可以；而减法和除法，动词一律用单数。例如：
15 minus 5 leaves 10 15减5等于10
5 times 8 is/are 40 5乘8等于40
15 divided by 3 is 5 3除15等于5
10 plus 10 make (s)/ equal(s)/give(s) is (are)20 10加10等于20
六、存在句的主谓一致
1、存在句的主语和谓语动词的主谓一致关系，在多数情况下，取决于动词之后“真实主语”的语法形式。谓语动词通常和最邻近的那个主语一致。例如：
There was a watch, a few suits of clothes and two ties in the suitcase.
手提箱里有只表、几套衣服和两条领带。
Is there anybody there? 那里有人吗？
There are no children 街上没有小孩在玩耍。
2、当动词之后的名词词组是并列结构时，只要靠近动词的并列成分不是复数形式，谓语动词在习惯上一般采取单数的形式，在这里主要是就近原则在起作用。例如：
There is Florida or the Hawaiian Islands to choose from.

可供选择的有佛罗里达或夏威夷岛。
There is one or two place to visit. 有一两个地方要参观。
There is knife and fork. 桌上有一副刀叉。
第七节 名词与代词的一致问题
一、名词与名词在“主系表”结构中的一致
在“主系表”结构中，单数名词作主语用单数名词表语，复数名词作主语用复数名词表语，这在语法上是一致的。但是，有时单数名词作主语与复数名词作表语、复数名词作主语与单数名词作表语虽然在形式上不一致，但在逻辑上可一致。例如：
Tom is friends with Jack. 汤姆与杰克是朋友。
The Chinese are a hard working people.中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。
These stairs are a part of the building. 这些台阶是那座楼的一部分。
二、名词和代词的一致
代词与其所代替或修饰的名词或另一代词，必须在人称和性别上保持一致。例如：
Not every child will visit parents on Sunday.
A. his B. its C. their D. his or her
答案为A。因为由every修饰的名词或由every +one/body构成的合成代词通常要用单数代词替代，所以应该用单数代词his.译文：并非每一个孩子都会在星期天去看望他们的父母。
The United States must look out for the rights of citizens.
A. its B. their C. ours D. we
答案为A。The United States是表示国家的专有名词，看做单数形式，所以从句的谓语动词代词应该用its。译文：美国必须注意它的公民的权利。
I, who your friend, will try my best to help you.
A. be B. am C. is D. are
答案为B. who代替的是I, 所以从句中的谓语动词应用am。译文：我是你的朋友，将会尽力帮助你。
Exercise 16
1、选择题
1、Ten percent of the workers in this city now on strike.
A. is B. are C. is to be D. are to be
2、The growth of part-time and flexible pattern, and of