第07单元疑问词.doc

第07单元 疑问词
　　362 疑问词可以是代词，如what，which，who，whom，也可以是形容词，如what，which，whose，也可以是副词，如when，where，how，why．它们一般都放在问句或从句的开头。
　　Ⅰ．疑问词作代词、形容词、副词的用法
　　A．Who，Whom，Whose
　　363 Who可用作主语、补语、宾语：
　　Who（作主语）is（or are）wise？Who care（or cares）？
　　Who（作补语）are they？Who is he？（=What is his name？）
　　Who（=Which）is right，you or I？
　　Who（作动词宾语，比用whom时更多）do you see？Who areyou teaching？
　　Who（作介词宾语，比用whom更多）is this letter from？Whomust she speak to？
　　但紧跟在介词或动词后面时只能用whom：
　　To whom（不用：To who）must she speak？“I saw Ada．”
　　“You saw whom（不用：who）？”
　　I could speak to whom．（放在句末为了加强语气）
　　Whose（为所有格，作形容词，作定语）book is this？Whosebook are you reading？
　　Whose（作所有格的独立形式，作代词，作补语）is this？Whoseare those houses？
　　Whose（作主语）are（or is）lost？Whose is red？
　　Whose（作宾语）are you using？Whose will you borrow？
　　B．What
　　364 What可用作主语（这时作单数看待）、补语、宾语、介词宾语或定语：
　　What（作主语）astonished you？What has（不用：have）hap－pened？
　　What（作补语is the difference？What is this man？（=Whatis his job and character？）
　　What（作动词宾语）do you want？
　　I know what（=I have an idea）．
　　I will tell you what（=something）．
　　He keeps dogs，cats，birds and what not（or and what all，and what have you）（=and the like）．
　　He knows what is what（=what is good，useful or impor－tant）．
　　What（作介词宾语）are you looking at？（也可说At what areyou looking？但较文气）
　　What can I depend on？（或说On what can I depend？）
　　What do you follow me for？（或说For what[=Why]do youfollow me？）（这类介词可放在句末，也可放在句首。）
　　I must give the boy what-for（＝punishment）．
　　What’s new？（打招呼用语）
　　At what time（or In what respect，By what means，In whatcircumstances）did you defeat him？（作定语，这类介词只能放在句首，不能放在句末，不可说What time did you defeat him at？）
　　What is an elephant like？（问是什么样子）
　　“Roy Chen divorced Joy Lee．”“What？”（=Say it again，这时说Pardon？更好些）
　　What（=Which）subject in your school do you like best？
　　What of（or about）（＝What news is there about）your busi－ness？（问情况如何）
　　What about（=What would you say）some more drinks？（提出建议）
　　What if（=What will or would happen if）he knows the se－cret？
　　What though（＝What will or would happen though）hefailed？
　　“You will lose all you have gained．”“What then？”（那又怎么样？）
　　“You love Lily？”“So what？”or“Well，What of it？”（那怎么啦？）
　　What do you say to his project？（对他的建议你有何想法？）
　　What do you think of this demonstration？
　　What is the point（=What is the meaning）of asking mesuch questions？
　　What is behind（=What is hidden behind）this change ofpolicy？
　　Did you see Mr．what－d‘－you－call－him（用来代替一个想不起来的名字）？
　　Dr．what’s－his－name saysI am all right．
　　I will speak to Miss what－d‘－you－call－her．
　　Could you lend me what－d’－you－call－it？
　　He came from what‘s-its-name state．
　　C．Which
　　365 Which 可用作主语、宾语、介词宾语或定语：
　　Which（of these）（作主语） interests you？（What of all inter－ests you？）（which指有限数量东西中的一个，what却不受限制。）
　　Which（作动词宾语） do you want？ Which（of these） do youlike best？
　　Which（作介词宾语） are you looking at？ Which can we dowithout？
　　Which（作定语） sister is the more intelligent？
　　D．Where
　　366 Where 只能用作地点副词，表示“到哪里”或“在哪里”：
　　Where（=To what place） is he going，running，driving？
　　Where（＝At what place） is he staying，learning，playing？
　　“Why don’t you go？”“Go where？”
　　E．When
　　367 When 可用作时间副词，表示“什么时候”：
　　When can I see you again？
　　When will he begin the work？
　　When did you arrive？
　　When will he go again？
　　F．How
　　368 How 为方式副词，表示“如何”，“怎样
　　How can I do it？
　　How（=In what way） will you settle the problem？
　　How do you make it？
　　How do you call it？（=What do you call it？）
　　How about the game？（引起话题）
　　How（or What） about（=What would you say to） a cup oftea？
　　How do you like（or feel about） this war film？
　　How‘s life（or everything，it going，Auntie）？How’re things？（问候语）
　　“How do you do？”—“How do you do？”（初次见面时套语，英国说法）
　　How‘s your new car？（=How do you like it？）
　　What’s your new car like？（Please describe it．）
　　How come（＝ Why is it that） everybody looks at you？
　　Everything has changed．How so？
　　How is it that you still remember her？
　　G．What
　　369 What 可用作副词，表示“到什么程度”：
　　What（=How much）（as intensive adverb） do I care eventhough I am poor？
　　What does this small thing matter？— It matters much．What matters this small thing？
　　What does it signify whether he is rich or poor？— It signifieslittle．
　　Ⅱ．疑问词在各种问句中的用法
　　A．在强调疑问句中的用法
　　370 在对一个问句的某部分进行强调时可用强调疑问句：
　　Who is it that teaches you to smoke？（通常说 Who teaches youto smoke？）
　　What is it that you are doing？（通常说 What are you doing？）Which is it that you want？
　　Where was it that he learned to curse？
　　When was it that I ever said so？
　　How was it that he learned the secret？
　　Why is it that you should abandon her？
　　B．在带情绪疑问句中的用法
　　371 在表示不耐烦情绪时，what后面可加ever或其他东西，下列句子越往下表示的情绪越强烈：
　　Whoever（或Who ever） said so？（这是谁说的？）
　　Whatever（or What ever） did yon say？（你到底说的是什么？）
　　What on earth（or in the creation，in the world，under thesun） did you say？（你他妈的到底说了些什么？）
　　Which in the name of reason（or fortune，common sense）doyou decide to choose？（你究竟打算选哪一个？）
　　What in heaven‘s name（or in the name of wonder，in thun－der） have yon done？（你他妈的究竟干了些什么？）
　　What earthly thing are yon doing now？（你这会儿到底在干什么？）
　　Where the devil（or the dickens，the deuceis he going？（他妈的他想到哪里去？）
　　When the hell will you pay me？（你他妈的到底什么时候还我钱？）
　　Why the blazes are you so late？（你他妈的怎么来得这么晚？）
　　What the plague（or the mischief） are you talking about？（你他妈的说些什么屁话？）
　　What a plague is he doing？（他妈的他到底在干什么？）
　　这类句子很难译为汉语，上面译文只是想给大家一点启发，不一定合适。
　　C．在形式疑问句中的用法
　　372 有些问句只是对别人说话的反应，并不要求回答，也无法回答：
　　Who can fly in the air？（=Nobody can fly in the air．）（谁能飞呀？）
　　Who cares？（＝Nobody cares．）（谁管啦？）
　　What else would you say？（=You will say nothing else．）（你还能说些什么？）
　　What subject does he understand？（=He does not understandany subject？）（他懂什么？）
　　What subject does he not understand？（＝He understands ev－ery subject．）（他什么不懂？）
　　Why do you do this？（=You should not do this．）（你怎能这样干？）
　　Why don’t you do this？（=You should do this．）（那你怎么不干？）
　　Where didn‘t I see her smile？（=I did saw her smile every－where．）（她在哪儿不笑？）
　　How can I do it？（=I can never do it．）（我哪干得了？）
　　Will he surrender？（=He will not surrender．）（他会投降？）
　　Can the blind see？（=The blind cannot see．）（瞎子还能看东西？）
　　Shall I forget it？（=I shall not forget it．）（这事我会忘吗？）
　　Must I kowtow to him？（=I need not．）（我还得给他磕头？）
　　D．在要求作确切回答的问句中之用法
　　373 有些问句中可插入 exactly，precisely之类副词，要求确切回答：
　　Exactly what do you want？ What exactly do you want to say ？
　　Precisely where are you going？ Where precisely has he seen it？
　　Just how do you get it？
　　Just which did he like best？
　　Just who has come？
　　E．在带插入语问句中的用法
　　374 有些问句中可插入 do you think，do you guess之类插入语，这时后面部分要用陈述句语序：
　　What do you think we should（不要说 should we） do？（=What，in your opinion，should we do？）
　　Where did they tell you he was going？
　　Which do you guess is the better？
　　How do you say we can settle the problem？
　　When we should build a schoolhouse，did they suggest？
　　F．在双重疑问句中的用法
　　375 有时一个问句中有两个疑问点，需用两个疑问词：
　　What book was written by what author in prison？
　　Who abandoned whom after they got married？
　　How many people eat how much rice every year？
　　Where did they buy it from whom？（更好： Where did they buyit and from whom？）
　　G．在追问式疑问句中的用法
　　376 当对方说一句话，某一部分没听清楚，要求把这部分重说一遍时，可把疑问词放在后面：
　　“He studied ceramics．”
　　“He studied what？”（用陈述句语序）
　　“My aunt depends upon a foreigner for her living．”“She depends upon whom？”
　　“Upon whom？”
　　“John has two million and five hundred thousand dollars in thebank．”
　　“He has how many dollars？”
　　“You can try this method whenever you think it useful．”“I what？”
　　“I can what
　　“Try what？”
　　“This method what？”
　　“My cat likes eating melon seeds．”
　　“What likes eating？”
　　“What eating？”
　　“What melon seeds？”
　　“What eating what？”
　　“I will talk with none of them．”
　　“ Which of them？
　　“I like to watch the dragon-boat race．”
　　“Which race？”
　　H．在省略疑问句中的用法
　　377 当对方说一句话，需了解更多情况时，有时可用省略疑问句，把对方话中已用的词省略掉：
　　“Go quickly．”
　　“Where to？”（=Where shall I go quickly to？）
　　“Open it．”
　　“What with？”（＝What shall I open it with？）
　　“Send it at once．”
　　“Who to？”
　　“I am thinking．”
　　“What about？”
　　“He is married．”
　　“Who to？”
　　“I study cooking．”
　　“What for？”
　　这类问句常由“疑问词+介词”构成。
　　Ⅲ．疑问词在感叹句中的用法
　　378 某些疑问词可用来开始一个感叹句（一般用陈述句语序）：
　　1）How 后面可跟形容词、副词或动词：
　　How beautiful the poem is！（how+形容词+主语+动词）
　　How funny he looks！
　　How peaceful he found country life！
　　How much work he has to do！（ how+形容词+名词主语+动词）
　　有时感叹句中可用助动词，像问句一样放在主语前面：
　　How many beautiful poems did he write！
　　How large a kingdom did he rule！
　　但不加助动词时更多一些：
　　How fast he ran！（how+副词+主语+动词）
　　How hard John works！
　　偶尔又可用一个助动词：
　　How long can he stay below the water！
　　How fast did he run！
　　有时副词可以省略，让听者自己想像：
　　How（ fast，desperately，clumsily，etc．）he ran！
　　有时直接修饰动词：
　　How we work！
　　How we enjoyed ourselves！
　　How many times did I not warn you！
　　2）What 后主要跟一带修饰语的名词：
　　What a beautiful poem Iam reading！
　　What a great project it is！
　　有时感叹句中也可用一助动词，像问句放在主语前：
　　What a beautiful poem am I reading！
　　What a happy life is there in the country！
　　名词前有时可有一个表数量的短语：
　　What a great number of books we saw in the library！
　　What an immense amount of money they spend！
　　What a piece of work is man 或 man is）！
　　有时后面直接跟一个名词：
　　What（=How many） years I have spent in learning English！
　　What（=How important） information he has given me！
　　What（=How good，How exciting，etc．） stories he hasn’ttold me！（这里否定句实际是肯定的意思）
　　What 有时在句中作补语：
　　What（= How great）was his agony of suddenly losing hiswife！
　　What was her surprise when she saw him becoming a pirate！
　　一般疑问句有时也可用作感叹句：
　　I sn‘t she angry！ Hasn’t she grown wild！（否定句，英国说法）
　　Am I a fool！ Is it a trick！（肯定句，美国用法）
　　Ⅳ．疑问词在各种名词从句中的用法
　　397 1．疑问词可以用来引出多种名词从句
　　What he is doing（名词从句作主语） is a mystery．
　　I know where he has been（作动词的宾语）．
　　My question is who will marry a poor man like me（补语从句）．
　　He told me which subject he likes best（作双宾动词的直接宾语）．
　　He is doubtful how the work can be finished this week．（作“be+形容词”结构的宾语，这种结构相当于一个及物动词。）
　　I am not sure who will take over a task that will please veryfew people．
　　Their success depends upon what policy they are going toadopt and how they exxcute it．（作介词的宾语）
　　A problem arose as to who would succeed to the estate iftheir father，who was seriously ill，should die．
　　Just imagine what a pretty girl this country girl could be（感叹从句） if she were properly dressed．
　　He asked who the boy was．（动词 was通常都放在主语boy的后面）
　　He asked who was the boy that spoke with Mary across thestreet．（如果主语及修饰语加起来太长，was可以放在主语前面。）
　　380 2．疑问词还可用来引出一个强调式疑问句（可参阅370节）：
　　My question is who it is that will marry apoor man like me．
　　（用 it is that 这种结构可对疑问词 who加以强调）
　　We inquire when it is that we all shall have enough to eat，and when it is that we all can live together peacefully．
　　He told me one day which subject it is that he likes best，and which subject it is that he hates most．
　　That depends on what policy it is that he adopts．
　　381 3． 疑问词还可用来引出一个带插入语的疑问句（这类句子带有鄙夷情绪）：
　　He has earned I do not know how much money．
　　（正常结构： I don‘t know how much money he hasearned．）
　　He waited for her Ido not know how long．
　　She is going nobody knows where．（正常结构： Nobodyknows where she is going．）
　　He will return God knows when．
　　He is always busy with the devil knows what．
　　He has Heaven knows how many wives．
　　382 4． 也可用在有两个疑问词的名词从句中：
　　I don’t care who is married to whom．
　　I don‘t know who is who，and what is what．
　　It does not matter which belongs to which．
　　Nobody cares who has earned how much．
　　383 5．如果从句中主语显然跟有may，must，ought to或 can这类情态动词，这类从句常可变为“疑问词+不定式”结构：
　　What we ought to do（=What to do） is a problem．
　　He knew where he might live more peacefully（＝Where tolive more peacefully）．
　　Which course one must take（＝which course to take） is ob－vious．
　　He taught me how one could be strong（=how to bestrong）．
　　但有些这类从句不能改为“疑问词＋不定式”结构：
　　He told me how his brother fell in love with Mary．
　　I do not know what trick he is playing upon me．
　　反之，“疑问词+不定式”结构却可扩展为一个从句：
　　He is not sure which bus to take（＝ which bus he musttake）．
　　He worried about how to live on（=how he could live on）．
　　I do not know what to say（=what I should say）．