第三讲语法的考查重1.doc

第三讲 语法的考查重点

二、虚拟语气

　　英语中的虚拟语气有4种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。95年以来，对虚拟语气的考查有28题之多，占词汇/语法总数的15.2%。下面我们也分四部分来看一下四级考试中虚拟语气的运用。

1.条件句中的虚拟语气

Test yourself

　　在我们分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，还上请同学们先做做一下以下各题：
1) If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ____ now. (1999.1)
A. wouldn't be smiling 　　B. couldn't have smiled 　　C. won't smile 　　D. didn't smile

2) ____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (19995.1)
A. Not being 　　B. Had it not been 　　C. Without being 　　D. Not having been

3) before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (1997.1)
A. Had they arrived 　　B. Would they arrive 　　C. Were they arriving 　　D. Were they to arrive

4) Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1)
A. has to get 　　B. were to get 　　C. had got 　　D. could have got

5) _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6)
A. Would she leave 　　B. If she leaves 　　C. Were she to leave 　　D. If she had left

6) Had he worked harder, he ____ the exams.(1997.6)
A. must have got through 　　B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through

7) If the whole operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (1999.6)
A. was not planned 　　B. has not been planned 　　C. had not been planned 　　D. were not planned

Explanation and Expansion
A. 参考答案：1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C
B. 评析
① 对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该区分主从句的不同。从句中用过去时，过去完成时，或were to/should +原形动词，而主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词或动词的完成形式。

② 虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。

如1）从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。再如：
If he weren't such a kind man, he wouldn't lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。)
Were my friends not to come tomorrow, I wouldn't have bought so many foods. (从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。)

③ 熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。
　　如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用would/should/could/might + have done的形式，如2）6）和7）。
　　如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词，表示与正在进行的事实相反用would/might/could/should + be doing的结构，如1）。
　　如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或were to / should + 原形动词，以上3） 4） 5）表示的都属于这种情况。

④ if引导条件状语从句时，可以将were/had/should提至句首，省略if。考试时经常是将省略if的与含有if的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。如2）3）5）。

⑤ If it weren't/hadn't been for …以及其倒装结构were it not for/had it not been for表示"如果不是……的话"

⑥ 正如真实条件从句中不用will一样，虚拟条件从句中也不可使用would，应特别注意。

Self-practice
　　上面我们一起分析了虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的考查特点和解题规律，下面请自己做以下《语法分词》第十一章第一节的有关题目，进行自测。

2．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
Test Yourself
首先还是请同学们先做一下下面两题。
1) Some women ____a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A. must make B. should have made
C. would make D. could have made (2000.1)
2) We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we ___ him.
A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6)

Explanation and Expansion
A．参考答案 1）D 2）A
B．评析
　　含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有
① But for/Without, 主句
But for/Without your help, we wouldn't have accomplished the task on time.

② ……, otherwise/or ……
He hadn't had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldn't have fainted out at work.
　　上面2）题就属于该句型，表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用would have telephoned的结构。

③ 分词/不定式，主句
Having been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed the disaster.
Given more time, we could have done the work much better.
You would be foolish to make friends with such people.

④ ……，thought/but ……
Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich.
He could have got the job, but he didn't apply for it.
　　上面的1）题就属于该句型，表示他本来可以做那份工作弄到一份很不错的薪水。

Self-practice
下面同学们试做一下《语法分册》150页有关含蓄条件句的几道题。

3．名词性从句中的虚拟语气
Test yourself
　　与上述虚拟语气不同，名词性从句的虚拟语气大都与谓语动词有关，用法也比较简单，请同学们先做一下几题，然后我们一起总结以下都有哪些规律可以遵循。
1) Wouldn't you rather your child _____ to bed early?(20001)
A.go B.went C.would go D.goes

2) Mike's uncle insists ____ in this hotel.(2000.1)
A.staying not B.not to stay
C.that he would not stay D.that he not stay

3) Sometimes I wish I ____ in a different time and a different place.(2000.1)
A.be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived

4) It is essential that these application forms ____ back as early as possible.(2000.1)
A.must be sent B.will be sent C.are sent D.be sent

5) It is recommended that the project _____ until all the
preparations have been made. (1995.6)
A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started

6) We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____.(1998.6)
A.be put off 　　B.was put off　　 C.should put off 　　D.is to be out off

7) The suggestion that the mayor ________the prizes was accepted by everyone.(2000.6)
A.would present 　　B.present 　　C.presents 　　D.ought to present

8) It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it is about time ____? (1996.6)
A.we are going home 　　B.we go home 　　C.we went home 　　D.we can go home

9) As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that
all measures ____ for our defense.(19996)
A.had been taken 　　B.would be taken 　　C.be taken 　　D.to be taken

10) It is vital that enough money __________to fund the project. (1997.1)
A.be collected 　　B.must be collected 　　C.is collected 　　D.can be collected

11) I don't think it advisable that Tim ____ to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6)
A.is assigned 　　B.will be assigned 　　C.be assigned 　　D.has been assigned

12) If only the committee ______the regulations and put them into
effect as possible.(1997.1)
A.approve 　　B.will approve 　　C.can approve 　　D.would approve

Explanation and Expansion
A.参考答案：1）B 2） D 3）B 4）D 5）C 6）A
7）B 8）C 9）C 10）A 11）C 12) D

B.评析
　　与以上两种虚拟语气句式不同，这里虚拟语气中时态的变化比较少，主要依据所处的句型。考生所需要的是了解在哪些情况下用这种句式，测试中考生只需从四个选项中辨认答案即可。该部分所包含的句型有：
① 表示"命令""建议"或"要求"的动词后面的宾语从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。常用于该句型的动词有direct, order, command, require, ask, request, demand, insist, suggest, recommend等。
这里句型的考题中，一般都会有would, must等干扰项，正确选项以省略should者居多，并且常是not do something, 或be的形，尤其是 not be done的形式。如2）5）和9）。
　　另外这类考题还常借助于动词本身的句法结构设干扰项。如insist后可接doing something, being done或 on doing something的结构，suggest后也可接动名词。另外，这两个单词也有不用虚拟语气的句式，如insist 表示"坚持认为"，suggest表示"说明""表明"时，从句中就不用虚拟语气，考生应注意分别。

② 表示"命令""建议"或"要求"的名词后面的同位语或表语从句中同样是用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。
与上面一条相同，表示这些概念的名词如suggestion, order, proposal等后面的that从句中虚拟语气使用规则相同，如6）7）中都是that同位语从句中使用should + 原形动词，should省略的结构。

③ It is + 表示重要，有必要，吃惊，难以相信的名词或形容词，或表示"命令""建议""要求"的过去分词 + that 从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。
这一句型可分解为
It is important/necessary/vital/advisable/essential ...that …(should)
It is strange/surprising/unbelievable … that …(should)
It is a surprise/wonder ..that …(should) …
It is suggested/requested/recommended … that …(should)…
这些句型一律使用should + 原形动词的结构，should可以省略，如4）5）10）题。
注意It is strange/surprising/unbelievable … that …(should)句型中如果表示过去的事情可以用should have done 的形式，如：
It is strange that he should have failed in the election.

④ wish
wish 后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况
表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时：
How I wish I had a memory as good as yours.
表示与现在正在进行的事情相反可用过去进行时，如3）。
表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用could have done 的形式如：
I wish I ____ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A.could have slept B.slept
C.might have slept D.have slept (1995.6)
由于might表示"也许"，与这里的意思不合，只能用A。
表示将来不可能实现的情况用would/might + 原形动词。
How I wish you would be able to come here for another visit.

⑤ If only 表示愿望时与wish用法相同。再如：
If only that photograph weren't missing.
If only the letter had arrived in time.

⑥ would rather
would rather的虚拟语气形式在这几年考查是最多的，有7道题，但would rather从句的时态规则并不复杂。
如果表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，否则用一般过去时。在如以下各题：
1) The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same office.
A.had not worked B.not to work
C.does not work D.did not work (2000.6)
2) To be frank, I'd rather you ____ in the case. (1995.1)
A.will not be involved B.not involved
C.not to be involved D.were not involved
3) You don't have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you ____ on
business first. (19981)
A.would go B.will go C.went D.have gone
4) Frankly speaking, I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.(1999.1)
A.didn't do B.haven't done C.don't do D.have done
5) I'd rather you ____ make any comment on the issue for the time
being.(1998.6)
A.don't B.wouldn't C.didn't D.shouldn't
答案为: 1) D 2) D 3) C 4) A 5) C)

⑦ It's (about/high) time that …
该句型中一律用一般过去时，再如：
"You are very selfish.It's high time you ____ that you are not the most important person in the world," Edgar said to his boss angrily.(1999.1)
A.realized B.have realized C.realize D.should realize

Self-practice
下面请试做《语法分册》153-159页的相关题目。

4．状语从句中的虚拟语气
Test yourself
状语从句中的虚拟语气主要指as if/though从句中的虚拟语气，首先请同学们做一下下面三道题：
1) He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they ______.
A.didn't exist 　　B.don't exist 　　C.hadn't existed 　　D.were not existing

2) He operates the new computer as if he _____ special training in it.
A.has received 　　B.had received 　　C.would receive 　　D.received

3) They talked in such an uneasy manner as if something terrible
______soon.
A.had happened 　　B.happened 　　C.would happen 　　D.has happened

Explanation and Expansion
A．参考答案 1）A 2）B 3） C
B．评析
谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气的状语从句一般是由as if/as though引导。该从句中时态的选择原则是：
① 如果从句中谓语动词与主句谓语动词同时进行，用过去进行时；
② 如果从句中谓语动词表示与主句谓语动词同时存在的状态，用一般过去时，如1）。
③ 如果从句中谓语动词表示先于主句谓语动词的动作或状态，用过去完成时，如2）。
④ 如果从句中谓语动词后于主句谓语动词发生，用would/might + 原形动词。