完成句子分析.doc

湖北省高考英语完成句子分析
湖北省长阳县民族高级中学　邹维刚
一、命题特点
“完成句子”是新颖的高考题型，考察的是对语法结构的掌握，在湖北省高考英语卷中已有五年历史。纵观五年的考题，不难发现以下特点：一、语法覆盖面广、粗略统计已涉及了20 多种语法现象及固定句型，如there be句型、it occurred to sb. that等；二、重点语法反复呈现，如：10年71题和2011年71题考点为倒装、10年 72题与11年74题考点为分词短语作状语、非谓语动词历年都有2-3题、定语从句、倒装、虚拟、形容词比较级、情态动词加现在完成时等连续几年都有涉及到；三、一道题目中不只考察一种语法，多种语法现象交织在一起；四、语境控制、答案精确客观、字数限制在五个单词以内；五、紧密联系教材，许多题目在教材上能找到对应的雏形，如winning the scholarship、might have had a hand in等；六、对句子成分的分析是做好题目的关键，如2011第80题， _____ (比较这两把牙刷) and you’ll find the purple one is softer. (compare)，特别是分隔现象的使用；七、常见词汇的写法如：（scholarship，toothbrush）及不规则动词的写法必须掌握。
二、症结诊断
笔者通过对平时学生训练的观察和高考完成句子试题分析，发现考生失分的主要原因在于以下几个方面：1、句子结构知识掌握不牢，容易受英汉表达思维差异的影响。如, 写作中通常出现类似这样的句子：There were a lot of students took part in the tree planting activity. We are very glad that our teacher is going to teach us swim. 2、 惯用句型识别不清，如：It cost me. 很多考生审题不能将汉语提示和英语部分结合考虑, 也没有考虑到cost的主语不能是人，其过去时和过去分词均为cost, 所以才出现I cost, I costed等错误。惯用句型是完成句子的热点之一，考生学习中要注意分析和掌握常用句型。3、复合宾语结构混淆，特别是使役动词have、make, let, leave等； 此外还有感官动词see, watch, notice…+ sb / sth + do /doing的用法和区别都是高考完成句子的重中之重。4、语态表达差异牵制，题目中有意识的不提“被”字, 考生要注意判断。有时汉语不提“被”字，不等于英语不使用被动；相反汉语习惯用被动时，英语却习惯不用被动。5、语序表达习惯冲突，语序习惯不同是历来高考的焦点之一。考生尤其要注意英语中与汉语思维相冲突的表达方式。6、语气表达形式影响，英语中（虚拟）语气形式与汉语不一样，是通过动词的不同形式表示的。如情态动词表示过去的推测，虚拟条件句的动词形式，表示建议、命令、要求等的动词后面的动词形式都是有差别的。7、比较对象偷换缺失，有时汉语省略的东西，英语却不能；而英语省略的东西，汉语往往不省略，考生需要提防此类错误。
通过对历年高考完成句子试题分析以及对考生失分的主要原因的诊断，笔者将完成句子中所涉及的重点、难点、热点语法现象归纳如下：
三、考点归纳
I．动词的时态和语态 (NMET2011湖北卷77题)
1．动词时态语态往往与其它语法融合在一起
The news ___________________________(房价将要下跌)has caused many people to sell their houses at lower price.（fall）
This is the only one of the regions __________(遭受攻击)by the earthquake last year.(attack)
2． Already、just、yet、never、lately、recently、in/during/over+ the last/past+时间、since 、up to now、so far、for+一段时间、in recent years等表示现在完成时的时间状语；by+过去时间、by the time+过去时间、before+过去时间、by the end of +过去时间等表示过去完成时的时间状语；by+将来时间表示将来完成时的句子。
We Chinese do take pride in ______________(我们取得的成就)in the last ten years.(achieve)
Mother wanted to be a good provider ,a role _______________________(她一直肩负着)since her marriage to father.(shoulder)
By the time the police conclude the investigation, the truth of the murder ______________________(会水落石出)（light）
______________________________（有巨大的增长）in the number of tele-workers in recent years and by 2100 it will have risen to 85%.(growth)
3．经常考查现在进行时的被动语态 现在进行时表示一种赞扬或评的感情色彩，现在进行时表示将来时用于一些位移发生改变的词语；经常考查过去进行时以及被动语态；将来进行时表示在将来的某个时刻正要发生的动作，如at this time tomorrow、this time next week。
---Has Li Lei finished his work?
---I have no idea, but he ___________________(做实验)when I saw him this morning.(conduct)
This time tomorrow，we_________(在听)a lecture by a visiting professor from aboard.(listen)
4.For+一段时间若表示的在过去发生的动作，和现在没有联系时只能用过去时。
----You speak good French！
----Thanks. I_____________(学过法语)in Sichuan University for four years.(study)
5. 时间、条件状语从句中通常用现在时表示将来时；祈使句加and、or再加上将来时的句子。
If the building project to be completed by the end of this month ____________(推迟)，the construction company will be fined.(delay)
___________(产生问题)if you don’t know enough about the mountain you are climbing.(arise)
6.主动形式表示被动意义
系动词look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、appear、go、prove、turn（颜色、数字、零冠词的名词）+形容词或者名词；表示主语的某种属性的词:read、write、act、cut、draw、drive、sell、wash、clean、wear/open、cook、lock、shut等。The door won’t lock. This coat dries easily. The plan worked out wonderfully. The engine won’t start. The pen writes smoothly.
A product__________________________(会更畅销)if promoted with a slogan.
答案：that house price will fall down; that was attacked; what we have achieved; she has been shouldering; will have come to light; there has been a huge growth; was conducting an experiment; will be listening to ; studied; is delayed; Problems will arise; will sell better.
II.非谓语动词(NMET2011湖北卷72、73、74题)
1.过去分词做状语是一般位于句首，而且该动词和句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系；某些过去分词已经被形容词化了，往往用于系表结构中，既不表示被动也不表示完成只表示一种状态。如：lost 、seated、 absorbed、dressed in、tired of（厌倦）、hidden（躲）等，不管做什么成分都不用ing形式。
_______________________(专心读书)，he didn’t notice me enter the room.(absorb)
2.现在分词作状语时，该动词和句子的主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。Doing表示一般性动作或者正在进行的动作；having done则表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作，通常有表示完成的时间状语，Not 必须放在V-ing之前。
Dina, __________________(奔波)for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.(struggle)
When ____________________________(比较不同的文化)，we often pay attention to the differences without noticing the many similarities.(compare)
______________________________(没有完全康复)from the operation，the patient was advised to stay in hospital for other two weeks.(recover)
3．Ving 作主语相当于一个名词,有被动being done和否定not doing/not being done的形式。Ving作宾语常放在admit、appreciate、avoid、can’t help、delay、escape、imagine、suggest、be devoted to、be accustomed/used to、look forward to、object to、lead to、insist on、make a contribution to、get down to、can’t stand、have difficulty （in）、have a good time （in） 等，若表示被动就用being done的形式。动词need、want、require表示需要时后面加Ving的主动形式表示被动意义，be worth 也是如此。
_____________________(解雇)by one company doesn’t necessarily mean that you have no way to support yourself.(lay)
____________________(暴露于)sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.(expose)
Can you imagine what difficulty people had this year ______________(抵抗)several natural disasters？（resist）
4.过去分词作宾补时，句中的宾语和动词之间存在动宾关系；现在分词做宾补时，动词和宾语之间存在主谓关系；不定式做宾补表示将来。
With many books ________________(出版)，he became more and more famous.(come)
With______如此多的工作充斥着)my mind，I am stressed out.(fill)
Lucy was much annoyed to find the computer ________________________(她让人修理了)several times broke down again when she returned to her office and got down to her work.(repair)
Keeping the mind _______________________(充满着任务) - no matter how meaningless - staves off （避开）negative emotions, the study found.(occupy)
5．当我们确定是非谓语作定语时，必须判断动词和所修饰的名词的关系（若是动宾关系，过去分词表被动或者完成，being done表示正在被做，to be done表示将要被做）。
I’m not sure if I can attend the wedding ceremony ____________________(举行)at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.(hold)
There were many talented actors out there just ______________________(等待被发现)（discover）
Many buildings in the city need repairing，but the one __________________ (首先要修的)is the library.(repair)
Play ,often ____________________(视为一种活动)for younger children，is still important in the social development of teenagers.(see)
I’m afraid we’ll have to work extra hours，for there are still some problems________________________ (剩下要解决)（remain）
Teleworking means people save time previously ______________________________-(花在旅行上班)and allows them to be more flexible in working hours.(spend)
6.have sth done=get sth done表示让某事由被人去做
have sth done还可以表示主语遭受了某种情况
have sb/sth doing表示让某人、某物持续地做某事
get sb/sth doing表示使某人、物开始行动起来
have sb do =get sb to do表示让某人去做某事
have sth to do 主语有事需要自己做
have sth to be done 主语有事需要别人来完成
答案：absorbed in a book；having struggled； comparing different cultures； Not having fully recovered； Being laid off； Being exposed to；resisting；coming out； so much work filling；she had  had repaired； occupied with tasks； to be held； waiting to be discovered； to be repaired first； seen as an activity； remaining to be settled； spent travelling to work.
III.名词性从句——主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句 (NMET2011湖北卷76题)
1.that和what的区别：当从句意义完整，不缺任何成分时，往往选that；而what意为“……的（东西）”在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。
News came from the school office _________________(他已被录取)Beijing university.(admit)
She is very dear to us .We have been prepared to do ______________________ (不惜一切代价)to save her life.(take)
_______________________(他说了)something improper at the meeting surprised all of us.(say)
2.if只能引导宾语从句whether和可以引导主语、表语、同位语从句。
The patient’s son asked the doctor the question _______________________(他的父亲是否会幸免)the big operation.(survive)
3.名词性从句中的虚拟语气
After the Philippines hostage-taking incident ,the Chinese government demanded that the problems referred to __________________________(特别注意)（pay）
The order came that the medical supplies ____________________________(送往)Yunnan for the victims there.(send)
4.It doesn’t matter to sb +how/whether……或者It makes no difference to sb +how/whether……结构中的主语从句不能提到句首。
5.名词性从句的分隔现象
Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________________ (他不得不)meet his uncle at the airport.(have)
答案：that he had been admitted to； whatever it takes; That he said; whether his father would survive; should be paid special attention to ; should be sent to; that he had to .
IV.情态动词和虚拟语气(NMET2011湖北卷75题)

1.区别不同的情态动词的意思特别是will、would“会”、must“一定”can’t、couldn’t “不可能”should“竟然、按道理来说应该如此”
Mike ______________________(肯定不在打扫)the classroom now. I saw him playing basketball on the playground a moment ago.（clean）
I can’t imagine _______________________(竟然短缺)of water in Yunlan ，the southwest of China where there used to be adequate rain.(shortage)
This kind of kite made of silk _____________ (不容易撕破), so don’t worry about it.(tear)
2.对过去的动作进行推测用情态动词+have done 的形式; 对过去正在进行的动作进行推测用情态动词+have been doing的形式；对现在正在进行的动作推测用情态动词+be doing的形式。
3.含must 的反意疑问句，当must表示推测时不能用must引导反意疑问句。对现在的动作进行推测则用表示现在时的助动词来引导；当句中有must have done 的形式且后面又有表示过去的时间状语，此时用表示过去时的助动词来引导；当句中有must have done 的形式且后面没有表示过去的时间状语，此时用have、has 来引导。
You must have watched that football match last night,________________？(不是吗)（you）
He can speak Spanish very fluently .He must have learned the language before,____________(不是吗)？（he）
4.名词性从句中含有“坚持、命令、建议、要求”时insist、order、command、advise、propose 、demand、desire、request、require、urge、recommend以及这些词的名词形式，用should也可省表示虚拟语气。
Representatives attending Copenhagen Conference recommended that _______________________ (采取严厉措施)to reduce carbon emission.(take)
5.If引导的从句中含有should、had、were可以省略if将should、had、were提到句首
It’s a pity that he failed the exam. If he ____________________(更加注意)his handwriting，he would have done better.(concentrate)
If ____________(不采取有效措施)，we would have lost all our tropical forests by 2100.(take)
6.would rather+从句用虚拟语气 当表示于现在或者将来事实相反时用过去时 若表示与过去事实相反的则用过去完成时
Do you feel like dining out for a change or would you rather we two __________(吃晚饭)at home？（have）
7.含蓄条件句 without, with, but for, otherwise等。
---Why didn’t you tell him the possible danger ？
---But__________________________(我能做什么)otherwise？He never listens to me.(do)
Last Friday’s charity pop concert was a great success as a whole .Actually we _________________________ (会满意)with half of the money collected.(satisfied)
It was vital to choose exactly the right place to cut or the diamond________(本来可能成为碎片)（break into）
8.主从句时态不一致
——The weather has been very hot and dry.
——Yes. If it had rained even a drop things ______________________ (就会更好)now！My vegetables wouldn’t have died.(be)
答案：can’t be cleaning； there should be a shortage；won’t tear easily；didn’t you； hasn’t he； strict measures should be taken； had concentrated more on； no effective measures were taken； had dinner； what could I have done； would have been satisfied； could have broken into pieces; would be better.
V.定语从句
1.介词+关系代词的宾语只能是which或whom；复合介词+which引导时，往往用逗号隔开，用倒装语序；of +which/whom表示“其中”前面还可以加some、many、most、half、80%、等；the+名词+of +which/whom=whose+名词。
In the dark street，there wasn’t a single person to_____________(她能求助) for helpturn)
Look out! Don’t get close to the house ,________________________(其屋顶正在修理)（repair）
His younger brother teaches in a secondary school , in front of ___________（流淌着一条小河).(flow)
A lot of problems came up at the meeting last night,_________________(我们还未发现) the solution.(find)
There are 51 students in class Three,______________________(没有谁失败)in the exam.(fail)
2.关系词的选择主要根据先行词在从句中所作的成分。当表示时间地点原因的先行词在从句中不作状语时，关系词不能用when、where、why，只能用that、which。特殊的先行词case、point、situation、circumstances、scene、activity、position关系词用where；stage、occasion用when。
She is the only one of the girls in our class______通过了)the interview.(pass)
My mother was so proud of all __________________(我所做的)that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.(do)
Occasions are quite rare ____________________(我有时间) to spend a day with my kids.(time)
Mr Green stood up in the defense of 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one __________________(该责备)（blame）
3.关系词as引导的定语从句常用在句首用逗号隔开；也用在such+名词+as…..和the same +名词+as……的句型中作主语、宾语、表语。
As a teacher ,I never give my students so difficult a problem ___________(他们不会做的).(do)
As__________________________(我谈过的)many times on the subjects，at some point you need a reliable partner to do this job.(talk)
It’s likely that such a question, if it can be called a question, _______________________ （你提的）, can’t be answered by any human beings．（raise）
答案：whom she could turn； whose roof/the roof of which is being repaired; which flows a small river; to which we haven’t found; none of whom failed; who has passed; I had done; when I have time; who was to blame; as they can’t do ; I have talked about ; as you raise.
VI.倒装(NMET2011湖北卷71题)
1.表语位于句首其倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”
_______________________(出席会议的)some scientists from China.(present)
2.否定词位于句首never、not、hardly、little、seldom、rarely、at no time、in no case、by no means、on no condition等。
The customers were so angry that they demanded that in no case ____________________(公司推迟)the goods ordered three months ago.(delay)
---why can’t we smoke here？
---At no time ______________________(允许吸烟)in the meeting room.(permit)
Don’t be rude to your father .Never in his life _______________________(对他说话)in that way up to now.(speak)
Little ___________________________(妈妈禁止我)to do whatever I like except when I play computer games long.(forbid)
3.so、as、neither、nor用于句首表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或者事物，句型为：as、so、neither、nor+be/助动词/情态动词
——Peter looks sleepy.
——_________________________(你也会的)if you had a fever.(so)
Since my return to China，I haven’t seen my host mother in America，nor________________________（未收到她来信）（hear）
4.so……that……和such……that……句型中，如果so或such引导的部分位于句首时，主句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。
So difficult ________________________(我发现)to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.(find)
5.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时句子完全倒装。
On the table _______________________(有一只旧信封)，which contains many photos.(lie)
答案：Present at the meeting were； should company delay； is smoking permitted； has he been spoken to； does mother forbid me；so would you； have I heard from her； did I find it ； lies an old envelope.
VII、   形容词、副词等级和倍数
1.as+形容词+a（an）+名词+as 表示同级比较，注意形容词和名词的位置。
It’s generally believed that teaching is ______(同样是一门艺术) as it is a science.（much）
Believe it or not，swimming is ___________________________(像……一样好的方式)as any to lose unwanted weight.(way)
2.表示“两者中较……的”用the+比较级
There are two tables in the room ,__________(其中较大的一个作为)the dining table(serve as)
3.“越……就……越……”用the+比较级……the+比较级
The more careful you are，____________________________（你犯的错误会越少）（make）
The more carefully you prepare，_____________你花的时间越少）（take）
The more ways you have of looking at a problem，___________________________（越有可能）that we can find solutions.(likely)
4.否定式谓语加比较级有最高级的含义
——Are you satisfied with what he said at the meeting？
——No. It_______________________________(不可能再差了).（be）
5.no+比较级+than 表示两者都不
Y