第010章形容词与副词.doc

第十章 形容词与副词
第一节 形 容 词
形容词是用来描写或修饰名词与代词的，表示人或事物的性质和特征，在句中作定语、表语或补语。
一、 形容词的种类
1、根据其含义，可分为品质形容词和关系形容词。前者可以与此同时than连用构成比较级形式，后者则不能这样用，但后者与其他词搭配构成比较级形式。例如：
This problem is more complicated than that. 这个问题要比那个问题复杂。
This engine is superior in many aspects to that. 这台发动机在很多方面要比那一台好。
品质形容词：new, bad difficult, complicated, healthy……
关系形容词：superior, inferior, possible, prior, major, minor, senior, junior……
2、形容词还可分为动态形容和静态形容词。前者可用于进行时态和祈使句中，表示暂时的某种特征，或表示说话人的看法，后者则不能。例如：
He was being generous. Don’t believe in him. 他只是那一会儿很大方，别相信他。
Be more careful next time. 下次细心点。
动态形容词：careful, brave, generous, honest……
静态形容词：white, small, great, pleasant……
二、表语形容词和定语形容词
1、形容词在句子中主要用作定语、表语和补语等。例如：
The old man was too feeble to walk. 那位老人太虚弱了，不能行走。（作定语）
The door is open. 门开着（作表语）
They found the book very interesting. 他们发现这本书很有趣。（作宾语补语）
The room was found empty. 发现房间是空的。（作主语补语）
2、大部分形容词既可用作表语也可用作定语，但有些形容词只能用作表语或定语。
1）有些形容词（特别是以开头的形容词）只用作表语。常见的只用作表语的形容词有：
afraid害怕的 alive活着的 unable不能的 ahead在前的
aware意识到的 sorry抱歉 alone单独的 ashamed羞愧
glad高兴的 alike相似的 akin类似的 lit照亮的
asleep睡着 well健康的 proof耐得得住的 awake醒着的
content满足的
例如：
The children were asleep at 7, but now they are awake. 孩子们7点就睡着了，但现在他们醒了。
They look so alike. 他们看起来很像。
2）有些形容词只用作定语。常见的只用作定语的形容词有：
outer外部的 little小的 inner内部的 golden黄金般的
daily每天的 spare空闲的 former以前的 weekly每周的
live活的 latter后面的 right右边的 elder年长的
例如：
In former times people lit their homes by gas, not electricity. The latter is considered safer.
过去人们用煤气在家里照明，不用电。电比煤气要安全。
The doctor has a little experience of a heart transplant surgery.
那位医生对心脏移植手术的一点经验。
三、名词化的形容词
有些形容词加定冠词the起名词作用，表示某一类人或事物，没有复数形式，用于指人时，具有复数概念，作主语时谓语动词用复数形式；用于指物或抽象概念时，表示整体，作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式例如：
The wise look to the wiser for advice. 聪明的人向比他们更聪明的人请教。
The homeless have no money to buy what they need.
那些无家可归的人没有钱买他们所需要的东西。
The good in him outweighs the bad. 他的优点多于缺点。
The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真伪要辨明。
四、形容词在句中的位置
1、形容词作定语通常放在被修饰的名词前面。例如：
This is a very important meeting. 这是一个非常重要的会议。
The emotional impact on the children can be significant.
这对孩子们情感上的冲击也是很大的。
2、形容词作定语修饰some, any, no, every和-body, -thing等构成的复合不定代词时，应放在其后面。例如：
Is there anything wrong with you bicycle? 你的自行车有毛病吗？
I’d like to show you something interesting. 我想给你看些有趣的东西。
Anyone intelligent can understand it. 任何有头脑的人都能理解这一点。
3、以前缀a-开头的某些表语形容词（如alike, alive, alone, afraid, awake, aware, alight, afloat, asleep等）必须放在后面作定语。这一结构相当于省去了关系代词和系动词的定语从句。例如：
He was the only person (that was) awake at the moment. 他是那时唯一醒着的人。
The house (which was ) ablaze is next door to me. 那幢着火的房子就在我隔壁。
4、以后缀 –ible 或-able结尾的某些形容词（如acceptable, adaptable, available, eligible, imaginable, obtainable, possible, suitable等）放在所修饰的名词前或名词后意义不变。但是，当这些词所修饰的名词前有形容词最高级或有only修饰时，要放在后面。例如：
I doubt whether we can complete our contract in the time available (in the available time).
我怀疑我们是否能在现有的时间内完成我们的合同。
This is the only book available. 这是仅有的一本书了。
The school offers courses in every imaginable subject (in every subject imaginable).
这所学校在各种可能想像得到的学科方面设置了课程。
That is the greatest difficulty imaginable. 是所能想像得到的最大的困难。
5、形容词短语作定语一般要后置，相当于一个省略了关系代词的系动词的定语从句。例如：
A man(who is) so difficult to please must be hard to work.
一个如此难以取悦的人一定很难共事。
She is only a girl (who is) three years old. 她只是一个三岁的女孩。
6、英语中有些形容词既可作前置定语，也可作后置定语，但所表达的意思不同。如concerned, elect, involved, present, proper, responsible等。例如：
The doctor concerned is on holiday. 主客医师在休假。
The concerned doctor rang for an ambulance.
心情焦虑的医生打电话叫救护车。
This is very involved explanation. 这是一个非常复杂的说明。
We have discussed the issue with the people involved.
我们已经与有关的人讨论了这个问题。

This is a proper question 这是一个恰当的问题。
The question proper has not been answered.
问题本身没有得到回答。
The present member. 目前的成员
The member present.当时在场的成员
The responsible man. 可依赖的人
The man responsible.应负责的人
五、前置形容词的排列顺序
当几个形容词同时修饰一个名词，一般来说，意义较具体的或与名词关系较密切的形容词通常放在最靠近被修饰的名词。次序排列如下所示：
限定词+一般描绘性形容词+表示大小、形状的形容词
+表示年龄、新旧的形容词+表示色彩的形容词
+表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词+表示物质材料的形容词
+表示用途、类别的形容词或名词+名词
例如：
a few new major urban highways 几条新的主要城市公路
a weak small spare old man一个瘦弱的小老头
a pair of beautiful little Russian riding boots一双漂亮的俄国小马靴
a large antique brown and white German beer-mug 一只德国古代棕白两色的大啤酒杯
六、几组易混淆的同源形容词
1、 alone独自的－lonely孤独的
2、 alive活着的（作表语）－living有生命的－live活的；现场直播的（作）定语
3、 clean清洁的－clear清澈的
4、 considerate体贴人的；体谅的－considerable应考虑的；相当大的
5、 continual频繁的－continuous连续不断的
6、 comical好笑的－comic喜剧的
7、 desirable合意的－desirous渴望的
8、 dead死的－deadly致命的－deathly死一般的
9、 distinct清晰的－distinctive有特色
10、economical节俭的－economic经济上的
11、efficient效率高的;能干的－effective有作用的
12、electrical电的；与电有关的－electric电的；带电的
13、hard艰苦的－hardy能吃苦耐劳的
14、healthful有益于健康的－healthy健康的；卫生的
15、historical历史的―healthy健康的；卫生的
16、honorary名誉上的－honorable可尊敬的
17、imaginary虚构的－imaginable可以想像的－imaginative富有想像力的
18、immortal不朽的－immoral不道德的
19、industrial工业的－industrious勤劳的
20、intelligent聪明的－intelligible可理解的；清楚的
21、intense强烈的－intensive集中的；加强的
22、like相像的（作定语）－likely可能的-alike相像的（作表语）
23、popular流行的－populous人口稠密的
24、practical讲究实际的－practicable能实行的
25、respectable值得尊敬的－respectful礼貌的－respective分别的；各自的
26、sensitive敏感－sensible感觉到的；明智的
27、successful成功的－successive连续的
28、uninterested感兴趣的－disinterested无私的
29、valueless无价值的－worthless无价值的－valuable有价值的―invaluable无法估价的―priceless无价的
第二节 副词
副词则用来修饰动词、形容词和副词，还可修饰介词短语和句子，在句中作状语。
一、副词的种类
根据其意义，副词可分为如下七类：
1、时间副词：表示动作发生的时间范围。常用来回答“when”这一类问题。例如：
yesterday now before afterward today soon
ago later tomorrow already
2、地点副词：表示动作发生的位置或方位。例如：
Here above down downstairs there below
around upstairs everywhere up
3、频率副词：修饰动词，表示动作发生的频率程序。常用于回答“how often……”等问题。例如：
Always often occasionally hardly generally frequently
rarely never usually sometimes seldom
4、程序副词：修饰形容词和副词。例如：
completely entirely precisely extremely fully exactly quite
highly really mainly partially rather almost fairly
somewhat slightly largely relatively
5、方式副词：修饰动词，表示动作进行的方式。例如：
quietly, suddenly, carefully, fast, easily
6、语气副词：也称评注性副词，表示讲话者的态度，修饰整个句子。例如：
certainly, surely, indeed, probably, maybe, obviously

7、逻辑连接副词：修饰整个句子，表示该句与上下的逻辑关系。例如：
besides however whereas therefore moreover nevertheless
thus otherwise
二、副词的用法
1、主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词及副词，还可修饰介词短词和句子。例如：
I have already prepared my lesson.我已准备好功课了。（修饰动词）
He has been extremely busy these days. 他这些天非常忙。（修饰形容词）
You translated the article quite well.这篇文章你译得相当好。（修饰副词）
She stood exactly in the middle of the room. 她站在屋子的正中央。（修饰介词短语）
Obviously, you are wrong. 显然，你错了。（修饰句子）
2、有时，副词也可用作表语或定语，作定语时通常后置。这类词常见的有：
above away here out abroad back home there
afterward below in yesterday ahead downstairs on
例如
Is your sister in?你姐姐在家吗？（作表语）
The girl there is my friend.在那儿的那个女孩是我的朋友。（作定语）
The good news soon got around.好消息很快就快就传开了。
I met him on my way home. 我在回家的路上遇见了他。（作定语）
3、有些副词(rather, quite等)通常可以放在名词前用于增强语气，其形式为“副词＋不定冠词＋名词”。但是，当名词前有形容词时，不定冠词可放在这类副词之前。例如：
That job is rather a bore. 那份工作相当无聊。
We held a quite good party(quite a good party).我们举行了一个蛮好的晚会。
This is rather a difficult task (a rather difficult task). 这是一个相当困难的任务。
三、副词的位置
副词的位置比较灵活
1、 有的副词（如sometimes, often, soon, perhaps等）可置于句首、句中、或句未。例如：
Sometimes he comes early.
He sometimes comes early.
He comes early sometimes.
有时他来得很早。
2、 程度副词通常位于所修饰的那个词之前。例如：
This problem is too difficult for me to solve. 这个问题对我来说太难解决了。
You spoke so fast. 你讲得太快了。
注：enough通常位于它它所修饰的形容词或副词后面。例如：
Be kind enough to reply early. 最好早些回信。
3、频度副词（如often, always, never, seldom等）通常位于行为动词的前面，系动词、助动词和情态动词的后面。例如：
I usually get up very early. 我通常起得很早。
He was never absent from the class last term. 他上学期从来缺过课。
I shall always remember it. 我将永远记住这件事。
You cannot always be right. 你不可能永远都对。
注：often放在行为动词后面时，要加very或quite修饰。例如：
错：He comes here often.
对：He comes here very/quite often.
4、多数副词都置于谓语动词之后，如有宾语，则置于宾语之后。但是，当宾语太长时，也可将副词放在宾语之前。例如：
The world is moving for forward. 世界在前进。
He left the room quietly. 他悄悄地离开屋子。
You must discuss carefully the proposals that were put forward at the meeting.
你们必须仔细讨论会上所提出的那些提案。
5、几个副词同时出现在一个句子中时，一般次序是：程序副词＋方式副词＋地点副词＋时间副词通常放在句后，有时为了强调，也可放在句首。例如：
They arrived there early yesterday. 他们昨天早早就到那里。
Yesterday they all worked very hard there. 昨天，他们在那儿都干得很卖力。
6、语气副词和逻辑性副词位置较为灵活，可位于句首、句中或句未，通常用逗号隔开。例如：
Certainly, I parked outside your door.
I, certainly, parked outside your door.
I parked outside your door, certainly.
没错，我曾在你门口停过车。
The essay is good enough; there is room for improvement, however.
这篇文章够好的了，但仍有修改的余地。
四、几组同源副词的对比
有些副词具有两种形式：一种与形容词同形，另一种在其后加上-ly.有的两者意义相同，但用法不同；有的意义和用法都不同。这类副词在使用进容易出错，应加以注意。
1、形式意义相同，但用法不同的同源形容词。
一般说来，形容词的副词在句中作用相当于表语或补语，或多用于口语中；以-ly结尾的副词在句中作用相当于程度或方式状语。有时两者也可互换。常见的这类副词的：
cheap/cheaply便宜地 right/rightly正确地 clear/clearly清楚地 slow/slowly慢慢地
slow/slowly紧密地 tight/tightly牢固地 fair/fairly公正地 wide/widely广泛地
firm/firmly坚定地 wrong/wrongly错误地 loud/loudly响亮地 deep/deeply深深地
quick/quickly迅速地
例如：
We must stand firm. 我们必须站稳立场。
They fixed the post firmly in the ground. 他们将那根柱子牢牢地固定在地上。
2、有些形式相异的副词，意义差别也较大，需牢记例如：
I dug deep before I found water. 我挖得很深才找到水。
I deeply regret your misfortune. 我为你的不幸深深地感到
The hawk was circling high in the sky. 那只鹰高高地在天上盘旋着。
They spoke highly of him. 他们对他评价很高。
I must go direct home. 我必须直接回家。
He is directly responsible for the work. 他直接负责这项工作。
常见的这类副词有：
direct径直地－directly立刻 free免费地－freely自由地
hard努力地－hardly几乎不 high高高地－highly高度地
just正好－justly公正地 late迟晚－lately最近
most最－mostly大部分 near近－nearly几乎
pretty相当地－prettily优美地 sharp突然地,急剧地－sharply严厉地
short唐突地，突然－shortly马上
五、几组形、意相近副词的区别
1、all together和altogether.
副词词组all together意思为“一起，总共”；副词altogether意思为“完全”（＝entirely）,“总的来说”（＝in general）。 例如：
Everybody gets their(his or her) legal rights by birth. 该班总共收了30名学生。
Everyone began to wave his hand. 那是完全不可能的。
If anybody asks for me, tell them I’ll be back by 5 o’clock.
总的来说，那不是一次很有趣的郊游。
2、

Exercise 10
1、选择题

6. Between you and , I didn’t like that party.
A. more superior than B. superior than C. most superior of D. superior to
7. London has a larger population than in the United Kingdom.
A. any city B. any cities C. any other city D. all other city
8. He knows little of mathematics, and of chemistry.
A. even more B. still less C. no less D. still more
9. In no country Britain, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.
A. other than B. better than C. more than D. rather than
10. The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
A. not so B. not much C. much more D. no more
11. Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often or better than an actual performance.
A. as good as B. as good C. good D. good as
12. I couldn’t find , and so I took this one.
A. a coat enough large B. an enough large coat
C. a large coat enough D. a large enough coat
13. His salary as a bus driver is much higher .
A. in comparison with the salary of a teacher
B. than a teacher
C. than that of a teacher
D. to compare as a teacher
14. Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people harm them.
A. more than B. rather than C. other than D. better than
15. You sang well last night; we hope you’ll sing .

A. more better B. still better C. best D. more good
16. You can’t be careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.
A. very B. quite C. too D. so
17. This is to answer.
A. rather a difficult question B. the rather difficult question
C. rather difficult question D. a question rather difficult
18. We are taught that a business letter should be written in formal style personal one.
A. rather than B. other than C. better than D. less than
19. Iran is one of the world’s leading oil producers.
A. raw B. crude C. rough D. primitive
20. If a baby bird stays for two or three weeks after leaving the nest, it has a fair chance of becoming an adult.
A. live B. lively C. alive D. living
21. Clever and intelligent as he is, he can never solve the problem .
A alone B. lonely C. lone D. alonely
22. You should spend in the study of the various senses and uses of the common words.
A. much time as you can B. as time much as you can
C. time as many as you can D. as much time as you can
23. Disneyland is as I have ever seen.
A. as a park interesting B. as interesting a park
C. an as interesting park D. as an interesting park
24. This year will be difficult for the organization because .
A. they have less money and volunteers than they had last year
B. it has less money and fewer volunteers than it had last year
C. the last year it did not have as few and little volunteers and money
D. there are fewer money and volunteers than in the last year there were.
25. College enrollment was 9000000 last year, That was .
A. more than 20 per cent in 1990 B. 20 per cent more than 1990
C. 20 per cent more than that in 1990 D. more than 20 per cent that in 1990
26. The oil output this year is five years before.
A. as much as twice B. twice as much as C. twice so much as D. as twice much as
27. He is but not as you.
A. so wise, so diligent B. wiser, so diligent
C. wiser, less diligent D. more wise, as diligent
28. My radio is
A. as good as, if not better than, Anne’s
B. as good as, if not better than Anne’s
C. as well as, if not better than Anne’s
D. as well as, if not better than Anne’s
29. are waiting for the result of .
A. The concerned people, the present talk
B. The people concerned, the talk present
C. The concerned people, the talk present
D. The people concerned, the present talk.
30. That lady is our French teacher.
A. beautiful young foreign B. young beautiful foreign
C. young foreign beautiful D. foreign young beautiful
31. Wool is characteristic on which to classify breeds of sheep.
A. most obviously B. the most obvious
C. obviously the most D. most obvious
32. They say Tom is unfriendly. And I think he is than unfriendly.
A. shyer B. shy C. more shy rather D. more shy
33. Young adults older people are more likely to prefer pop songs.
A. other than B. less than C. more than D. rather than
34. Whether you agree or not, this was the plan Tom has made recently.
A. perfect B. perfectest