高级写作词汇分册.doc

写作部分

BEC HIGHER写作部分主要涉及商业信函和图表写作两部分的内容，现具体介绍如下：

商业信函

第一章 格式问题

1. 格式问题：
请同学们在BEC的写作中采用平头式的写法。
收信人的姓名和地址置于信纸的左上方
地址、称呼和结束礼词后没有标点符号
日期在右上方
段落从定格开始，段落之间的行距为两行（但在考试中由于受答题卡限制，请同学们酌情考虑）
写信人的名字和头衔在签名下方

2. 称呼和结束礼词的注意事项：

称呼的写法遵循下列原则：
Dear Sir or Madam
写信给某一公司，不确定具体的收信人
Dear Sir
对男士但是你不知道他的具体姓名
Dear Madam
对女士，但是你不知道他的具体姓名
Dear Mr Smith
对男士
Dear Ms Smith
对已婚或未婚的女士
Dear Mrs Smith
对已婚女士
Dear Miss Smith
对未婚女士
Dear John (此处John 为英语中常用男名)
对朋友或你比较熟悉的人（通常为多年生意伙伴）

称呼与结束礼词存在对应的关系，请同学们特别注意：
Dear Sir or Madam
Yours faithfully
Dear Mr/Ms/Mrs/Miss Smith
Yours sincerely
Dear John
Best wishes

以下均为错误用法：
Dear Mr John
Dear Mr John Smith

3. 日期：
在英国英语中，天在前，但是在美国英语中，月份在前。所以某些特别的时期容易引起误解。例如：12 06 2003

在英国指的是：6月21日
在美国指的是：12月6日

因此日期要写成：12 June 2003

注释：在bec考试中同学们可以采用恩波所推荐的用法。但是12 06 2003 的用法仍然是可以使用的，因为bec为英版考试。

在使用恩波推荐的用法时，要记住月份使用大些字母开头。天后不必写th、rd、nd或者st。

第二章 写法问题

预备参加bec考试的同学们由于缺乏商务写作的实际经验，对于写作部分都比较郁闷。恩波结合历年考试实际，为大家准备了15类共计50个经典的实战句型，供大家在考场上使用。我们对每一个句型都模拟了一种环境：

1. 信件的开头：
We are writing to enquire about…
We are writing in connection with…
We are interested in … and we would like to know…
环境：
You want to know the prices of some air conditioners.
We are interested in your air conditioner and we would like to know the prices of some air conditioners.
You saw an advertisement in the newspaper yesterday and you want further information.
We are writing in connection with the advertisement in the newspaper yesterday.
You want to know if the company you are writing to organizes holidays to Africa.
We are writing to inquire about the holidays to Africa that your company organizes.

2. 回信的开头：
Thank you for your letter of (date)

We have received your letter of (date)
asking if …
enquiring about …
enclosing …
concerning …
环境：
A company wrote to you on 23 July. They wanted to know if you sell photocopiers.
Thank you for your letter of 23 July, asking if we sell photocopiers.
A man wrote to you on 18 December. He wanted employment with your company. He also sent his curriculum vitae.
We have received your letter of 18 December, enclosing your curriculum vitae.
A company sent you a fax on 3 June. They wanted to know if you were going to the marketing conference in London.
Thank you for your fax of 3 June, asking if I was going to the marketing conference in London.
A woman telephoned you this morning. She wanted to know if her order No. 599 had arrived.
Thank you for your telephone call this morning concerning the order No. 599.

3. 信件的结尾：
一般结尾：
I look forward to receiving your reply/order/products/ect.
Looking forward to hearing from you.

如果你在信件中提供了信息：
I hope that this information will help you.
Please contact me if you need any further information.
Please feel free to contact me if you have any further questions.
Please let me know if you need any further information.

4. 引入主题：
With reference to …
Further to …
With regard to …
I am writing in connection with …
注：引入主题的句子可以被写在信件的开头，但with regard to 不能用于信件的开头。
环境：(how would you start a letter about each of the following?)
an invoice (No. 679) for a photocopier
With reference to Invoice No. 679, we regret to tell you that the product arrived in bad condition.
a meeting you had with the addressee on Jan. 16th
Further to the meeting on 16 January, I am delighted to tell you that we are now able to give you a special offer for our Peach Series computer.
an advertisement in the times newspaper
I am writing in connection with the advertisement in the times newspaper yesterday.
an application for a post as secretary in your company
I am writing in connection with your application for a post as secretary in our company.
a fax order for six computers that you received today
with reference to your fax order for six computer, I regret to tell you that they are out of stock at present.

5. 告知好、坏消息
好消息：
I am
pleased
delighted
happy
to
tell
inform
advise
you that …

坏消息：
I
regret
am sorry
to
tell
inform
advise
you that …
We regret that …

环境：（complete these sentences using phrases for referring and giving good or bad news.）
a. ___________________________ your order for some cupboards, _____________________ we have had to increase the price.

b. ____________________________ your application for a post as secretary, ______________________________ that we would like you to start work as soon as possible.

c. _________________________________ your application for a post as secretary, ______________________________ that you were not successful.

d. _________________________________ our telephone conversation this morning, ______________________________ that your car is now ready for you to collect.

6. 说明你所能做的和不能做的：
We are unable to …
We are able to …
We have been forced to …
环境：
You cannot lower your prices.
We regret that we are unable to reduce out prices.
You have had to raise your prices because the government has increased the sales tax.
We have been forced to raise our prices because the government has increased the sales tax.
However, you can give them a discount of 5% if their order is for more than $8,000.
We are able to give you a discount of 5% if your order is more than $8,000.
With regard to their second question, you cannot accept payment in Egyptian pounds but you can accept US dollars or Euros.
We are sorry that we are unable to accept payments in Egyptian pounds but we are able to accept US dollars or Euros.

7. 说明原因：
This is
owing to …
due to …
a result of …
because of …
注：owing to 通常用于不好的消息。如果想在原因中使用动词，请加上the fact that的从句。
环境：
increase prices --- fall of the dollar
We have been force to increase our prices. This is owing to the fall of the dollar.

Delay the delivery of the goods --- strike by airline pilots
We have been forced to delay the delivery of the goods. This is owing to the strike by airline pilots.

Increase all salaries by 10% --- rise in sales
We are able to increase all salaries by 10%. This is the result of a big rise in sales.

Cut all salaries by 10% --- fall in sales
We have been forced to cut all salaries by 10%. This is due to the fact that there has been a fall in sales in the past ten months.

Cannot deliver your new order --- we have not received your payment fro the last order
We regret that we are unable to deliver your new order immediately. This is owing to the fact that we have not received your payment for the last order.

Cancel the meeting --- a lot of staff have been ill
We have been forced to cancel the meeting. This is because some members of our staff have been ill.

8. 请求采取行动：
Please could you …
We would be grateful if you could …
We would be appreciate it if you could …
as soon as possible.
without delay.
immediately.
注：please could you … 是最直接的方式。在要求一些一般性的事情时，可以使用这种表达。
环境：
You have seen an advertisement in the newspaper for a post as office manger. You want an application form.
I would appreciate it if you could send me an application form.
The photocopier in your office has broken down. You want to have it repaired, quickly.
We would be grateful if you could send a repairman to fix our photocopier as soon as possible.
You have moved your office and you want the post office to forward your letters to your new address.
Please could you forward my letters to my new address.
You want the telephone company to put another telephone in your office. You need it urgently.
We would appreciate it if you could put another telephone in our office immediately.
You have written to a company and you want them to reply quickly.
I would be grateful if you could give us a reply quickly.

9. 抱歉：
We must apologize for …
We apologize for …
We are extremely sorry for …
注：以上句型后请使用动词ing形式。
以上句型中的for可以换成that，然后用从句表达。
一般来说，解释产生问题的原因，然后在信的结尾处再次表达歉意。

再次抱歉：
Please accept our apologies once again.
We hope that this has not caused you any inconvenience.
With apologies once again.

10. 要求提供信息：
Please could you
We would be grateful if you could
We would appreciate it if you could
give us further details about ..
inform us (about/if) …
let us know ( about/if ) …
We would like to know ( about/if ) …
注：如果需要特别重要的信息，可以在以上句型前使用：in particular。
环境：
You wrote a letter to someone and they haven’t replied. You want to know if they received the letter.
We would be grateful if you could let us know if the letter has reached you.
A businessman is going to your country. He wants you to get a visa for him. You need all the details about his passport (his nationality, date of birth, where his passport was issued, and when it expires).
Please could you give details about your passport. I would like to know your nationality, date of birth, where your passport was issued and when it expires.
You want to know about the same businessman’s flight (flight number, date and time of arrival).
In particular, I would like to know your flight number, date and time of arrival.

11. 轻度抱怨：
Unfortunately, + 表示 something is wrong 的句子
环境：
A company has sent you a bill for the wrong goods.
Unfortunately you sent us a bill for the wrong goods. Please could you send us a correct bill as soon as possible.
Your new photocopier has broken down. You have to write to the company who sold it to you.
Unfortunately our new photocopier has broken down. Please could you send a repairman to fix it for us as soon as possible.
Two temporary secretaries do not speak English. You have to write to the agency who sent them to you.
Unfortunately two temporary secretaries you recommended to us do not speak English. We would be grateful if you could recommend two more who could speak English.
You keep receiving letters for someone else. You have to write to the post office.
Unfortunately I keep receiving letters for someone else. Please could you make the address clear before you deliver letters every day.

12. 提醒某人对某事的注意：
I should like to draw your attention to (the fact that)…
I should like to point out that …

如果你提醒的事情对方已经知道（你想表达你的生气）：
I should like to remind you that…
I hope that it is not necessary to remind you that …
环境：
One of your staff keeps parking his car in front of the main door, the space which is reserved for the MD.
I should like to remind you that the space in front of the main door is reserved for the MD.
Someone is interested in purchasing a large quantity of your simplex cameras. Tell him about 25% discount for large orders.
I should like t draw your attention to the fact that we offer about 25% discount for larger orders.
One of your staff arrives half an hour late for work every day. (She should start at 9.30.)
I hope that it is not necessary to remind you that work start at 9: 30 every day.
Someone is interested in your products. Tell him that you guarantee that your prices are the largest in the country.
I should like to point out that we guarantee that all prices are the lowest in the country.

13. 要求某人采取行动：
We must insist that …DO… （DO指动词原型）
注：请注意这一句型和句型8的区别。
环境：
We must insist that you deliver the goods immediately.

14. 警告：
Unless…
If…(not)…
We will be forced to …
环境：(What warnings would you give these people?)
A company that has not paid your bill
Unless you pay the bill, we will be forced to take legal actions.
Another company that is using your company’s car park
If you do not move your car away from our park, we will be forced to turn to the police.
An employee who always arrives late for work
Unless you come to work on time, we will be forced to fire you.
A builder who has left a lot of their tools in your office
If you do not take your tools from our office, we will be forced to throw them away.

15. 强烈抱怨：
注：
强烈抱怨遵循以下步骤：
a. 阐述发生的问题：it is now over nine months since we placed this order and we are still waiting for the cabinets.
b. 使用句型12：I should like to point out that we have already paid for these cabinets.
c. 使用句型 13：we must insist that you deliver them immediately.
d. 使用句型14：unless we hear from you within 7 days we will take legal action.

第三章 写作后的检查（包括图表写作）

检查的四个主要方面：

1.标点符号：
完全禁用的符号：
：“” 《》。

2.拼写：
双写辅音
y改成复数

3.语法：
主谓一致
冠词
次序
介词
时态
漏词

4.可能导致信息表达不清的因素：
太长的段落
太长的句子
运用不常使用的词汇
一次包含太多的信息
信息不完整
信息顺序混乱

图表作文

对于线性图表的描述
上升

1. 对于上升趋势的描述：
a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组：
to increase
to go up
to rise
to grow
to jump
to leap
to soar
to shoot
to pick up

b. 可以使用的名词：
an increase
a growth
a jump
a soar
an upward trend

2. 对于上升到某个位置的描述：
a. 1. a. 中的动词＋to＋具体数据。
b. 1. a. 中的动词＋to＋the peak of＋具体数据。
c. 1. a. 中的动词＋reaching the peak of +具体数据。
d. 1. a. 中的动词＋reaching + 具体数据。
e. to peak at ＋ 具体数据
f. to climb to + 具体数据

3. 对于上升的程度的描述：
a. 1. a. 中的动词＋by ＋ 具体数据。
b. 1. a. 中的动词＋副词。（见

下降
1. 对于下降趋势的描述：
a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组：
to fall
to decrease
to go down
to slide
to collapse
to decline
to drop
b. 可以使用的名词：
a collapse
a decrease
a fall
a decline
a drop

2. 对于下降到某个位置的描述：
a. 1. a. 中的动词＋to＋具体数据。
b. 1. a. 中的动词＋to＋the bottom of＋具体数据。
c. 1. a. 中的动词＋reaching the bottom of +具体数据。
d. 1. a. 中的动词＋reaching + 具体数据。

3. 对于下降程度的描述：
a. 1. a. 中的动词＋by ＋ 具体数据。
b. 1. a. 中的动词＋副词。

对于平稳的趋势的描述，可以使用的动词或动词词组：
to hardly change
to have little change
to keep steady
to level off
to remain constant
to stay the same

表示程度的副词：
1. 程度较大：
considerably
dramatically
greatly
markedly
obviously
quickly
rapidly
sharply
significantly
suddenly
2. 程度较小：
slightly
gradually
slowly
steadily

时间的嵌入
嵌入时间时所使用的介词和介词词组：
in
from……to……
between…….and……
during……and……
at the start of ……
by the end of ……
over ……
at the end of ……
throughout ……
时间’s + 具体数据

上升和下降趋势的组合描述（嵌入了时间和程度之后）：
1. 先上升后下降的句型：
...... increased slowly during…… and …… but fell sharply in …….
A steady fall in …… during …… and …… followed the sharp increase in …….

2. 先下降后上升的句型：
…… fell before …… began to make a recovery ……
…… continue the recovery, climbing to ……
…… dropped during …… but increased again in ……
…… fell and then pick up during ……
…… collapsed before rising to ……at the end of ……

3. 起伏波动的句型：
…… fluctuated sharply all through ……

4. 波动不大的句型：
…… hardly changed through the period between ……and ……

柱状图形的描述

转换为线形图形的描述

饼状图形的描述

对于百分比进行描述所使用的句型：
…… % the …… is/has/have/are ……
…… accounts for ……% of the total
…… takes up ……% in the whole chart

趋势的比较

1. 表示相似的句型 (实例) ：
Both share prices rose sharply in January.
Neither company has made a profit yet.
Like X, Y fell in June.
X rose just as sharply as Y.

2. 表示差异的句型（实例）：
X fell sharply whereas/while Y remained steady.
X fell quickly compared to Y.
Unlike Y, X rose by 10%.
X rose far more dramatically than Y.

3. 表示倍数的句型：
the …… doubled/tripled in …… compared with those in ……

4. 客观比较的句型：
…… is …… in contrast to ……

数据的修饰

1. 表示不足的词或词组：
up to
below
under
almost
nearly

2. 表示超过的词或词组：
over
more than
just over

3. 表示大约的词：
about

学生用书词汇总结

Unit One a
Management consultancy: 管理顾问
Pie chart 馅饼图
F